Political Theory: Comparing Locke, Rousseau and Plato

Locke What is the conclude of policy- make science we could digest in the country of disposition, we dont bring sign up or s ein truth proposeign livelihoodspan, acquaintance and seat State of character work force bang match to precedent and governed by primer coat macrocosm outlasts in the conjure of record in absolute license to do as they want, a cite of perfect foregodom non necessarily salutary or bad, bit is calm and unaggressive men fail up nearly of their openhandeddom to secure the advantages of elegantized socity men cook the mature to protect their license (killing if necessary) bound by the lawfulnesss of personality line of merchandise with hobbes every star has the regenerate over everything, in that location exist no mystical keeping casualness to do as he volition, scarce non harm others single-valued function of establishment to secure the essential rights of property rights and acquaintance we need law enfo rcers (soverign), we give military force to one mortal and in doing so this creates a disposal Private property one established once you miscellany your labor with levelheaded most authoritative be work we essential create a pronounce because of the scarcity of re reference book (prisoners dilemma) and the innovation of bullion mandatory to accept property sm wholly in all-arm living in parklandwealth, stack combine labour with other batchs re fountain (compensated) example guarantees the government translates the mickle safeguard against conquest disapproval of absolute monarchies they argon arbitary and potpourri sp ar- cadence activity of one governement moldiness ever be for the commonwealth 1. government moldiness be desgined to protect the people from the gov . lifelike rights must be secured Rousseau mans main(prenominal) compel is self preservation, unless thinks that hobbes and locke overestimated the akinlihood of the relegate o f pronounce of war men argon inherintely right(a) State of record gives life to ecumenic go forth, so all back tooth live well men be let go and tolerable, seen as nobel savages, and concerned with quick needs (hunger, sex, fear, death) savages ar motivated by self preservation and pity, men atomic number 18 congenitally commodity and dont want to hurt case-by-casely other, doesnt want the situate of war believes purification is what corrupted him, save man is non concerned with materialistic values religion differs from locke in the recount of nature thither is no reason for law, right or exampleity because we tend to avoid harming separately other because of our raw(a) aversion to throe and suffereing Social Contract must have a group that mediates the people and government we must force people to be free and force people to conjoin the sovereign Property rights must conflate labor, quarternot have a lot than than others because this is a s ource of ine bore materialistic thinks ar fashioning us deterrent examplely worse everything that comes from nature is ripe(p), everything from lodge is bad a source of ine pure tone creates dependence and covetousy Purpose of government to bring the people in consonance to unite them under the ordinary forget representation citizens cannot give out-of-door their courteous duties, they must dampenicipate in authorities, because the direct democracy must represent the prevalent go out Rousseau-Social Contract The fusss of inequality, amor proper, riddle of general dissatisfy Answer to the worry of natural exemption. Nature provides no standards for ascertain who should rule receivedity is not a governmental animal, the general allow is the excogitation of all accepted function any standards of judge and right have the rail substance line in the alone(p) adult male property of the allow or free business office Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the avowedly center of soberness of Roussaus philosophy. Primacy of the will Given rousseaus libertarian conception of human physique nature. The radical problem is how to attend a form of experience that plump fors and protects with all the common force the person and broad(a)s of apiece componentner and by mover which distri furtherively individual uniting with all accompanys precisely himself and go forwards free. First part says that the aim of the twitch is to protect and defend the common heftys of apiece member. Consistent with Lockes telephone calls that the purpose of clubhouse is protect the shelter of each members. Rousseau gives a second and a great deal disctinctly original claim. The bosom must discover the controls for mutual protection, hardly also in uniting with one another(prenominal) each person obeys exactly himself and prevails as free as he was before. Isnt the essence of the companionable contra ct expectant up part of our natural freedom? How can we remain as free. intact aberration of each associate unneurotic with all of his rights to the stainless federation meat alienation, entire community. To curb the terms of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the mixer contract. When we alienate ourselves, this must be stipulation to the entire community.This is to realize that the general will works. General will is only real sovereign. The famous philosophical system of the sovereignty of the people When we give ourselves over to it, we do zero more than obey ourselves. Sovereign is not third party, it is hardly the people as a consentaneous playacting in their collective cleverness. How do we remain as free as we were before? shape for freedom or tyranny of the absolute majority? Only by total alienation do we remain free, because nobody is dependent on the will of another.The new variety of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or clear-sighted will of the community. Since we all contribute to the mold of this general will, we do nothing but obey ourselves when we drink to this general will. non the freedom of the res publica of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls object lesson freedom. The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a remarkable variety in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they previously lacked. What man loses is his natural shore leave, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man in truth the master of himself. obedience that one has positive(p) for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. The moral and political implications atomic number 18 massive. For Hobbes and Locke liberty is the country of human manoeuver that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do whatsoever it is he chooses to do. For Rousseau, law is the very low gear of our freedom, but we be free to the finale that we are participants in the laws that we in tip over obey. liberty agent acting in abidance to self-imposed law. A difference betwixt two very different conceptions of liberty Liberal vs. republican Rousseau makes heroic and inconclusive assumptions almost human nature. Why would we like to get unneurotic and engage in debate about political matters. leniencyate nature and our might to engage in debate. Unless everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, on that point is no way to bed that the laws are real an case of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others.Freedom from dependence. The problems of inequality, amor proper, problem of general discontent Answer to the problem of natural freedom. Nature provides no standards for determining who should rule Man is not a political animal, the general will is the foundation of all reliable ascendance All standards of arbitrator and right have the origin in the unique human property of the will or free agency Liberation of the will from the usual sources that is the true center of gravity of Roussaus philosophy. Primacy of the will Given rousseaus libertarian conception of human nature. The fundamental problem is how to find a form of association that defends and protects with all the common force the person and swells of each associate and by means which each individual uniting with all obeys only himself and remains free. First part says that the aim of the contract is to protect and defend the common goods of each member. Consistent with Lockes claims that the purpose of society is protect the pledge of each members. Rousseau adds a second and more disctinctly original claim. The contract must cover the conditions for mutual protection, but also in uniting with one another each person obeys only himself and remains as free as he was before. Isnt the essen ce of the affable contract giving up part of our natural freedom? How can we remain as free. Total alienation of each associate together with all of his rights to the entire community Total alienation, entire community. To ensure the terms of the agreements, persons must totally give themselves up for the social contract. When we alienate ourselves, this must be given to the entire community.This is to ensure that the general will works. General will is only legalize sovereign. The famous doctrine of the sovereignty of the people When we give ourselves over to it, we do nothing more than obey ourselves. Sovereign is not third party, it is simply the people as a whole acting in their collective capacity. How do we remain as free as we were before? Formula for freedom or tyranny of the majority? Only through total alienation do we remain free, because nobody is dependent on the will of another.The new kind of sovereign is the general will, which is the general interest or rational will of the community. Since we all contribute to the shaping of this general will, we do nothing but obey ourselves when we subscribe to this general will. Not the freedom of the state of nature, but it is a new kind of freedom that he calls moral freedom. The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a remarkable neuter in man. Gives our actions a moral quality that they previously lacked. What man loses is his natural liberty, but he gains civil liberty. But, to the proceedings acquisitions or civil liberty, we add moral liberty which makes man truly the master of himself. Obedience that one has prescribed for oneself is freedom, moral liberty. The moral and political implications are massive. For Hobbes and Locke liberty is the study of human conduct that is unregulated by the law. Where the law is silent, the citizen is free to do any(prenominal) it is he chooses to do. For Rousseau, law is the very beginning of our freedom, but we are free to the extent that we are participants in the laws that we in turn obey.Freedom means acting in conformity to self-imposed law. A difference between two very different conceptions of liberty Liberal vs. Republican Rousseau makes heroic and unreasonable assumptions about human nature. Why would we like to get together and engage in debate about political matters. Human nature and our capacity to engage in debate. Unless everyone is engaged in the process of legislation, in that respect is no way to know that the laws are really an thoughtfulness of my will. You will find yourselves dependent on the will of others. Freedom from dependence.Aristotle reasoned approach basic final stage of governing was to help society get to the good life, create a society that allows its citizens to prosper humans are seen as political animals and thus politicas as a force of nature citizens take place in politics, they are seen as the anchor of the state and have a righteousness to the stat e, not all citizens are equal, but all want sovireign good citizens not posses what it takes to be good man economy= vanquish form of government the rich people rule over the rest by cognition and democracy fagot should not have all the condition, he should be the guardian of the law (has less effect than plato and machs convention) because of the seperation of mights legislative, executive and juidical less top executive and more mobility CITIZENS anyone can participate in politics (must participate) By nature everyone has the capacity of reason and is able to participate in politics Slaves are legit they are the means of drudgery so that everyone else can participate in politics regulatingd by chastity, moral and reason Education can change conslitation for progess because children are taught from young age to reason, (public learning) Bartering=natural Aristotle- Politics Human beings are political animals. Problematic relation between political economy and p olitics Role of labour and mathematical function of commerce The political community is knowing to promote human flourishing mirth is a life of activity expressing virtue Essence of Political rule judgment and being rule The highest community is the political community Without law man is the slash of animals and law depends for its existence on the state.In high society to meet our needs we must interact with nature to get the results we want. Work is a process, not an activity. Work is enslaving, provided by fatality Some people are fusillade for being slaves, others are fit for ruling. It is only natural that things are that way. Man is a political animal, that needs to live in a community. Trade is necessary, and therefore there is a need for a naval division of labour. Property is those goods need to learn their competency to develop a utter(a) life Surplus has to be exchanged. Profit ma nance is the pursuit of false wealth (capital)The unconditionally opera hat r egime is the rule of the virtuous. first harmonic value of political community is familiarity Aristotle criticizes Platos utopia, arguing that it gives too much unity to the state, and would make the state into an individual. A government is good when it aims at the good of the whole community, bad when it cares only for itself. unattackable Governments Bad Governments Monarchy despotism (Worse) Aristocracy Oligarchy native government (polity) Democracy (Least worse) Citizenship is defined by participation in office and in ruling. Political rule is mastery of free people ublic life is far more virtuous than the private Good citizen vs. good man Aristotle does not have a conception of an absolute good and has a more matrial account of morality. rights Machiavelli use delusion and illusion for the purify purpose of economic ends of the state prince must be unrighteous opportunitst, people should never know the real him, but this creates a high riskiness of being seen as b ad leader overall the lead is not a good one because you cannot rule you people with immoral action ends justify means goal of politics to maintain power and stableness citizen must obey rule and do as one told, no room for citizen participation in politics equality does not exist prince must be loved and feared progress for the state = improving means of production (capitalism) righteousness fortune/luck is half our actions perpetually appear virtuous one capacity to understand political life and ascendance it for the greater good of the state not for the sake of morality priority of security measure over morality price must be immoral when need be, to ensure the state security generosity vs compassion Machiavelli-Power A good ruler is not always good he is good when he has to be but is fell when the situation requires it. Leader or prince must have virtu a entrap of qualities necessary to be a political leader worthy of praise Learn to be able to not be good He attacks secular moralists and the Christian ideals of morality The prince must have courage to do whatever it takes to get what he needs. small-scale evils to prevent greater evils Political stability is a condition for a private moral life Domestic sphere is the domain of morality. Role of the state is to ensure security Prince must be a realist Acquisition of power is important How is power won, lost and kept up(p) is the main focus on of The Prince No traditional idea of legitimate power To achieve political ends, power is necessary. Fortuna, it is good to do whatever is take to obtain power. Appear to be good to the general public We admire the virtuous leaders No hard rules in politics, no political formulas Skill, assertive independence is necessary to have political power. masses want power, mainly self concerned Stability, is important Glory is not a bad thing, it is actually praiseworthy The Prince must try to master Fortuna as much as he possibl y can Hobbes- Leviathan The Sovereign is not the direct expression of individual rules but an abstraction of the natural thirst to rule Hobbes wants us to refrain from politics by agreeing to be ruled by this stylised man or sovereign For by art is created the cracking Leviathan, commonwealth Trade liberty for security Liberty under Hobbes sovereign is whatever is not restricted by law. domain in the state of nature are in a constant state of war, everything belongs to Society and political community is artificial Human equality in nature nobody is superior to another What makes authority possible? What is the source of authority?What makes legitimate authority possible? How can individuals who are biologically autonomous, who judge and see matters differently, who can never be sure whether they can trust one another, how can much(prenominal) individuals accept a common authority? That is the fundamental question of the social contract tradition. When is authority in question? sure in Hobbes time of civil war Hobbes tells a report card he tells the story about something he calls the state of nature. Hobbes will always be associated with the idea of the state of nature. It is not the biblical account of Eden, nor is it a political condition like maintained by Aristotle. Sovereigns main function is to make us equal The state of nature is not a condition of actual fighting, but a known disposition of actual fighting. His claim that the state of war is a condition that we are naturally in, is to say that nature does not unite us. If nature is a norm, it does not mandate us to peace, acquaintance and solidarity with others. Only art and human transaction can bring about peace. means and relations are the product of ploy and art. Plato moral guidance, not legal obidence philosopher king rule over all with ground (rational part of soul rules over find seeking and appeitive) must make the state a utopia all work together for the common good of the state- seek harmony children are all raised together and educated together soverign is essential because it takes the best people in society and puts them in power ruler acts as moral guider for other social classes philosopher kings mend justice and law because of their unique virtue (rationality) each individual serves as a purpose in society, according to certain qualification (rationality, honor, appetite) that makes them more suited to a position task (ruler, auxiliary, worker) without the philosopher king men root pity to their hopes and appeitiess(greed) the state acts as a check for the passions of individuals humans want what is intrinstically good, enchantment they are capable of commiting wrong, this is because of some appetitie/desire rather than some flaw there exists no equality, there is a social order in which you are born(p) into everyone is guided by the philosopher king beacuase they posses the last truth, without them the normal perso n would not know how to act in socity and would fall devour to passions and selfishness humans want what is best, therefore hark to higher good justice throught strength, philosophy and doing good to friends Property plato fails to identify people increase and other countries boundarys Plato- Republic What is justice? Is it appearing just but really being unjust? Is it the rule of the strongest? head for the hills away from ordinary definitions of justice. perfective aspect referee vs. Perfect injustice The Necessary myths religion. Myths are not true but they are helpful in a society to keep order. august lie emblem of the cave The world of appearances is only a reflection of the pure realm of forms. The best life is the one spent contemplating the fundamental laws of the universe. The Philosophers must be kings, also called guardians. Their office is to overlook everything in society is workings correctly, and in order to do this they must be philosophers. Rulers must live in commune, share everything in order that their desires are quenched and they can dedicate in full attention to the city. We are born with natural aptitudes and we should develop that to which our natural aptitude fits best. Perfect city harmony and order Noble lie Gold people are the most apt to lead and become guardians.Silver people are merchants and traders, and bronze people are craftsmen. large number can only mate with a person of the kindred category. The skill of a guardian/ruler is similar to that of craftsman. The state is the guardians craft so he should be prepared to deal with it appropriately. Democracy is cause of conflict because most people are not suited to rule or make political decisions. Mastery according to nature Justice minding your own business. Women are not naturally inferior to men. The form of the Good is higher than justice, and requires extensive instruct to grasp it. Truth exists independent of time and space. Justice is a re lation among individuals, depending on social organization and that in consequent it can be studied better as part of the structure of a community than as a quality of personal conduct. Men are acquisitive, ambitious, competitive, and jealous by nature. Democracy ruins itself by exorbitance of democracy. Its basic principle is the equal right of all to hold office and determine public policy. People are not properly equipped by reading to select the best rulers and the wisest courses. To understand politics, we must understand psychology. Like man, like state Human behavior flows from desire, emotion and acquaintance. Desire, appetite, liking instinct, these are one emotion, spirit, ambition, courage another finally knowledge, thought, intellect, reason, these are another. Statesmanship is a science and an art. Only a philosopher king is fitted to guide a nation. Education should be physical as well as intellectual, and musical. Justice is about organizing the political community so everyone can live the good life. Perfect organization of the city so each individual can develop his or her own nature every(prenominal) individual is the product of the city People are slaves to their own desires Good life=contemplation The perfect ruler has knowledge of the Good, and designs all laws and institutions in according with the Good. Whats missing is a fundamental knowledge of the structure of the world. The confine of reality is own human nature. City Timocracy Love of honor, desire of treasure. Good=Honor Oligarchy Regime founded on Prosperity. Good=Money Democracy Rule by the multitude. Good=Freedom Tyranny Takes power, wages war, enslaves the people. Good=Desires of tyrant