Internal Security Challenges

Ved Marwah Shri N N Vohra, Shri K Santhanam, Director IDSA, Ladies and Gentlemen I deem it a learn to be invited to deliver the IDSA Foundation Lecture. Since inception in November 1965, low the ste wardship of the tardily Shri Y B Chavan and the subsequent direction provided by Shri K Subrah much(prenominal) a(prenominal)am, reason Director, the IDSA has acquired a creditcapable profile. Over the years, the IDSA has played a commendable procedure in enriching the guarantor discourse and deliberations in India. It is in this context that I propose to sh atomic consider 18 my thoughts with you on a matter of concern to alto rangeher of us, namely, Indias intrinsic trade protection Ch eitherenges.India was riveiti onenessd in the backdrop of round-scale common riots, simply the partition of the country on religious lines, with tabu taking into musing its multiple identities, instead of take uping the communal tensions down, in fact, worsened the dapple. The two-na tion theory created Pakistan, and it still survives on this theory. Pakistan finds it difficult to accept the reality that India continues to be a pop, plural, multireligious society and that India today has more Muslim citizens than Pakistan.Read thisChapter 2 wherefore Security is NeededThe Government of Pakistan has taken upon itself the right of non every protecting its own citizens, plainly also the Indian Muslims. The power building in theocratic Pakistan, dominated by the ground forces, the feudal footinglords, the bureaucracy and the religious leading has been able to retain its hold over the levers of power by playing the antiIndia and Islamic cards. Pakistan plays the Islamic card in its foreign insurance also. It misses no probability to club India as an anti-Islamic country where Muslims argon non safe.The continuing tensions mingled with India and Pakistan bemuse a direct bearing on the midland positioning in India. They c both for advertise compl icated the internal certificate situation. * IDSA Foundation Day Lecture delivered by Shri Ved Marwah, Governor of Jhark baseball mitt on November 11 2003. Strategic summary, Vol. 27, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2003. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Indias privileged Security Challenges 503 The management of internal security, therefore, put one acrosss great enormousness. If the internal security wall sockets argon tackled effectively, subversion by the external forces to that extent be seeds more difficult.Unfortunately, the rise of bellicose politics ground on sectarian, ethnic, linguistic or a nonher(prenominal) factious criteria, is primarily responsible for the many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) communal and secessionist movements flourishing in India. The forepart of uncongenial neighbours enables the internal contraventions to get external reliever, which entangles money, arms and sanctuaries. The vested interests exploit these conditions to trail their own ag enda. In a well-established semi governmental scheme and a unquestionable economy, conflicts amidst the various group identities atomic number 18 kept under look on as in collectible course they get assimilated into the national identity. moreover that has non happened in India as yet, where the wounds of the partition and the colonial rule redeem still non wide-cuty healed. Moreover, the dependence on the presidential term by a large section of our uncorrupted supervise for their very survival sharpens these conflicts among them. The democratic institutions and the responsibility structures ar still not strong enough to fully harmonise these conflicts in a easeful manner. Violence erupts when conflicting interests cornerstonenot be consensually reconciled. The antipathetical external forces, taking advantage of this situation by dint of subverter propaganda, further accentuate these conflicts.They hit material and ideological support to exasperate this sense of grievance to such an extent that a small nonage be willing to become in like mannerls in their hands to subvert the perceptual constancy and security of the country. In accession, a number of secessionist and the supposed revolutionary movements argon operating in India today. Their culture could be to overthrow the brass and contain closely revolutionary changes in the structure and functioning of the pass on, or regular(a) secession from the Indian Union.Ever since independence, India has been facing all types of violent conflicts based on religion, caste, language, ethnicity and expanseal loyalties. Political insecurity further compounds the enigma. Preoccupied with the problem of survival, the judicatures in or so of the nigh affected states argon not look at the problem from a long-term perspective. They meet bought temporary repose by compromising with the rabble-rousing forces. Such shortsighted policies grass put one over disastrous consequences i n the long run.Instead of effectively dealing with them in the initial stages when the problem is manageable, they dumbfound allowed these anti-national forces to take descents and stretch out their tentacles farthest and wide. When a state government 504 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 is otiose to effectively deal with them, instead of streng indeeding the state jurisprudence machinery, it rushes to the Centre to hand over its responsibility at the first sign of any overserious-minded trouble. It is not surprising that in these states some sections of the police scram genuinely joined hands with the subversive forces against the central forces. If you lowlifenot fight them, join them. conclusion themselves at the mercy of these subversive forces, the lot tend to change sides and amaze supporting them instead of supporting the security forces. It would be wrong to assume that all those supporting, directly or indirectly, these forces are sympathetic to their ideology. Far from it For most of them, preoccupied with the daily battle of survival, this is the obvious choice, be serve the police are unable to protect them. Polarisation on caste and religious lines support further reduce the credibility of the police in the minds of the community.The police-politician- twist nexus can urge the criminal elements. Their activities can create an environment of police forcelessness, where influential and rich citizenry violate the justice with impunity. The police is not the only component of the criminal justice system that has suffered because of this nexus. In fact, the entire criminal justice system is under strain. Not all crimes are being registered and those registered are not being properly investigated and plain out of those charge-sheeted, very few are ending in conviction. The conviction rate in case of atrocious crimes is steadily falling.In some nor-eastern states it has r to each oneed almost zero level, where the police stimulate stopped point submitting the charge sheets in the insurgency-related cases. When the forethought of sanctioned penalization disappears, organised crime finds it convenient to spread its tentacles. The crime syndicates are determination the impertinent communication and information technology very useful. Extortion and payment of the supposed protection money is more widespread than we would like to be dissimulationve. According to some reports, direct extortion from the government funds runs into hundreds of crores of rupees.Many of the insurgent and militant groups are not driven by ideology, moreover by sheer greed. funds power is a turgidger motivating factor than ideology. Vested interests befool veritable around these groups with nimble connivance of corrupt politicians, police officers and civil servants. several(prenominal) politicians up to now take their assistance during election times. They receive to return their favours when they come to power. This mutu ally beneficial relationship has seriously damaged the quality of administration in the interior areas. The real losers are the pot.The development process Indias Internal Security Challenges 505 gets seriously hampered in a violent environment. When large development funds are siphoned out by this unholy conglutination between the criminal and corrupt forces, eve the delivery of the most elementary services like water, power, healthcare, education and communications becomes a stupendous task. A vicious circle starts. The divest and the marginalised sections of the society, unable to survive in the familiarise system, get anomic. The militant and extremist forces thrive in this environment.The rise of left field extremism is more due to these compulsions than on ideological grounds. in that location are media reports about the carving out of a corridor by the leave extremist forces from Nepal to Tamil Nadu. purge if there is no truth in these reports, the involvement of antipathetical external forces in support of the leftover extremist forces to destabilise the country cannot be ruled out. The mushrooming of armed Senas on caste and ethnic lines in some parts of the country is a direct consequence of the polarization of the society. This phenomenon has also affected the police and the administration in general.Loss of prevalent confidence in the capacity of the state to protect their brio and stead is the primary cause of this dangerous development. Far from controlling them, a politicised and party-spirited police unquestionablely encourages this development. The tensions in some parts of the country, especially in the tribal areas, due to a perceived threat to their identity is not naked, solely the rise of so many violent movements is a comparatively recent development. In the border states these movements become secessionist because of the support they receive from the hostile neighbouring states.The rise of fundamentalist forces is po sing the most serious threat to Indias security. Fired with religious readiness these forces retain created an entirely new situation. The intelligence activity agencies in our neighbourhood and the organisations, like Al Qaida, and Jaish-e-Mohammad, are encouraging the so-called Jehadis to enter India from outside. later first targeting the border states they run through at once spread deep inside the country. These bands of fanatics are not only indulging in subversive activities, but are spreading the virus of fundamentalism among the Indian Muslims.The break-up of the Indian Union continues to be the main goal of Pakistans domestic and foreign policy. Easy availability of deadly weapons with the subversive groups operating in India has created new dangers for Indias security. With the Golden Crescent, and the Golden Triangle in Indias neighbourhood, drug trafficking poses yet an other threat to our security. 506 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 dose syndicates are generatin g huge funds, a part of which is being used to give fiscal support to some of these subversive groups.The intelligence agencies like the ISI are recruiting a number of carriers in drug trafficking as their agents. These agencies provide legal immunity for their criminal activities in their own country in addition to large them financial and logistical support. Internal security challenges are not confined to any one area, but the North-East, Jammu and Kashmir, and the areas afflicted by Left extremism deserve special mention. North-East The Naga leadership under Z. A. Phizo had challenged their integration into the Indian Union even before India became independent in 1947. The Naga insurgency started port back in the early 1950s.Since then the insurgencies in this region have multiplied and spread to many new areas. In this extremely different and strategically sensitive region, there are different reasons for the ethnic upsurges and insurgencies in different states. Some render secession from the Indian Union, some others seek separate states and yet others great autonomy within the existing state. The number of such insurgent groups could reach three-digit figures. In Manipur alone, more than twenty-five groups are operating. Thousands have died in the insurgency-related force out. Insurgencies have seriously affected the economic life of the region.The whole developmental process is seriously hampered because of this unending violence. One can imagine the plight of the people who are already living on the margin. What to talk of getting a share of the fruits of development, they are deprived even of the most basic services. Unfortunately, unlike Jammu & Kashmir, these violent movements do not pitch much response in national consciousness. plain serious incidents of violence hardly find any mention in the so-called mainstream media. The geo-strategic importance of the North-East is not sufficiently appreciated even in the security establishment.All t he states in the North-East share an international border with other countries and the seven North-Eastern states are linked to the rest of the country only by a assign strip of land. The lack of physical, cultural and unrestrained cogitate has encouraged a feeling of alienation, which is being exploited by the not alike-friendly neighbours to observe their own agenda. They are giving support and sanctuaries to many of these groups to use them as leverage against a much bigger and more powerful neighbour. Indias Internal Security Challenges 507The roots of these many insurgencies in the North-East lie deep in its history and its geography. But, it would be wrong to treat it as one homogeneous region with common problems, or social systems and customs. Even physiographically, the region can be mete outd into three broad areas hills, plateaus, and plains. The many ethnic groups, speaking many different languages and dialects, who inhabit this remote part of the country consider themselves as separate people with itsy-bitsy in common with the people in the rest of the country. The lack of physical, cultural and emotional links has encouraged this feeling of separation.The partition of the country seriously scattered the old system of communications with serious demographic consequences. At the flavor of the problem, however, is the new political consciousness and an urge for asserting their identity, especially among the ferociously independent tribal communities. The partition left the entire region land-locked, and even the old road, railway and river-waterway links with the rest of the country were severed, because they all passed through with(predicate) East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The new rail link via North Bengal is circuitous and too long and expensive for easy access to the region.The air link is not only expensive, but also unreliable due to climatic conditions. The people have to bear enormous additional transport cost for all their suppli es. Another unregenerate problem is created by the influx of migrants from East Pakistan and now continuing from Bangladesh. In the beginning it was confined to the Hindus leaving East Pakistan due to insecure conditions, but later, because of intense population pressure even Muslims started migrating. The fear that immigrant population will one day dominate them is waiting many of the insurgent and secessionist movements alive.The terrain in this region is eminently suitable for insurgency. The hilly terrain and fatheaded forests provide convenient hiding places to mount ambushes on the moving convoys of the security forces. Large parts of the interior areas have little or no police presence. The insurgent groups virtually control the administration in these areas. After attacking the security force they can easily disappear into the topical anesthetic population. Because of deprivation and alienation, a large section of the people tend to be sympathetic to the members of these groups.It is the alienation of the people that has sustained insurgency all these years, though logistic support and sanctuaries provided by the neighbouring states play a vital fiber in sustaining them. The dispersion of ethnic groups across the international 508 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 boundaries has profoundly influenced the constitution of political conflicts. However, it needs to be emphasised that internal-external linkages maturate with the failure of the domestic political and administrative system in heading with the internal conflicts. Secessionist leaders often adopt alternative strategies to achieve their goal.They keep on changing their simulated military operation and supplicates according to the ground situation. The intensity of the conflict depends very much on how strong the human race support is. Ethnicity can become an important dimension of internal conflict when it becomes intertwined with other social, political and economic issues. As conflict ing groups go from one crisis to the next, they learn by experience to raise their leases to increase their bargaining power. Political changes that offer new opportunities for personal gain and extending their influence can spark violent conflicts.Even though most of them are conscious of the fact that secession is not a viable option, they keep on raising this demand to bring together the various contending conflicts on one platform. Making common cause against the Indian state is how many of these groups with conflicting ideologies cooperate with each other in their fight against the Indian state. The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) was innate(p) out of the demand to throw out the migrants from Bangladesh, and yet its top leaders are today finding sanctuary in that country. The South Asian ountries have more in common with India than with other countries in the region. They do not even have a common boundary with each other. But this reality has not make them friendlier towards India. History and geography have encouraged negative sentiments rather than positive sentiments about India in these countries. The big powers too have not hesitated to fish in troubled waters. till the 1970s, China was directly supporting the insurgencies in the North-East. Strategically, politically and economically the North-East is the most sensitive part of the country and should receive the serious tending it deserves.The ongoing dialogue between the government and the NSCN (IM) is a positive development, but it is going to take a long and torturous route. The NSCN (IM)s cl target on the Naga-inhabited areas in the neighbouring states has created serious complications. The riots in Manipur in 2001 following the times of the ceasefire to the areas beyond the boundaries of Nagaland are a pointer to the difficult road ahead. The situation in Indias Internal Security Challenges 509 Assam has establishn some signs of advancement, but large-scale extortion by the ULFA and other groups is posing serious problems.The NLFT and the ATTF continue to be active in Tripura. They have sanctuaries in Bangladesh. Mizoram is quiet, but there are problems between the Mizos and the Chakmas, and the Mizos and the Reangs. Thousands of Reang refugees from Mizoram are staying in camps in Tripura. In spite of many rounds of negotiations between the Mizoram government and the representatives of the Reangs, so far no solution appears to be in sight. The unending internecine feud between the NSCN (IM) and the NSCN (K) has spilled over from Nagaland to the neighbouring states and even to Myanmar.A number of Meitie and Kuki groups have sanctuaries in the Chin Hills in Myanmar. The ULFA and the Bodo groups have sanctuaries in the forests of Bhutan. There are unconfirmed reports of some sort of bond between the ULFA and the LTTE. A number of groups have also come up in Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh. Many experts have called the Naga insurgencies as the mother of all i nsurgencies in the North-East. The level of violence, however, in this explosive region continues to be high in spite of the fact that the ceasefire agreement with the NSCN (IM) has been in place since 1997.This only goes to show how difficult the road to peace is going to be in this trouble-torn region. It is proverb to say that it is not only a law and order problem. It has many other dimensions. No strategy will succeed unless it strikes a flop balance between political, economic and security measures. There is need for next co-ordination among the policymakers. Ideally, there is need for a consensus among the major political parties. The pursuit of narrow political agenda can be exploited by the subversive groups.Many political leaders in this region indulge in double-speak. They mouth nationalist slogans in Delhi but have no hesitancy in making strong anti-national statements and collaborating with the insurgent groups in the state. Nor do they have any reservation in changi ng parties. They frequently hop from one political party to another. In Manipur some politicians have changed sides as many as six times in a year. A forefront minister changed his party three times in one month, and his merger partners three times in 48 hours. A party denominate has very little hold still foring.Money and muscle power with active support of the insurgent groups play a key role in the elections. intimately of these states are not financially viable. They hardly collect any revenue enhancement and depend almost entirely on the Union government for financial 510 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 support. This has caused lack of responsibility in incurring general expenditure. For example, Manipur has created a huge bureaucratic structure with a workforce of almost 100,000 on its pay roll. Over 80% of its total revenue (both excogitate and non-Plan) is spent on payment of salaries and pensions.Extortion by the insurgent groups, the leakages of huge funds through corrupt practices leave very little for development. And they conveniently put the blame on the Centre for not giving them adequate funds. Through years of neglect this potentially rich region is today the most backward, almost primitive, part of our country. In these appalling conditions an alienated population becomes an easy target for the secessionist propaganda. Jammu & Kashmir The problem has been with us since independence even though Pakistan has no legal case.The ruler of this erstwhile princely state settled to go in to India. According to the Independence Act it was for the rulers of the princely states to decide to join India or Pakistan. Pakistan has been disputing the legality of the accession signed by the then J&K ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh. The initial hesitation of the Maharaja to accede to either India or Pakistan and the unilateral Indian offer to find out the wishes of the people of the state has given Pakistan an excuse to challenge the legality of the access ion. It has been doing everything for the exsert 56 years to grab this state.It has not been able to achieve its physical object through wars with India. So, it has started a proxy war since 1989. Waging of a proxy war fits into the Pakistani designs of bleeding India. Unfortunately, the weaknesses of the state and of the administrative systems have provided Pakistan with opportunities to fish in troubled waters. More interested in perpetuating their rule than governing the state, its rulers have been exploiting regional and religious differences. Anti-national forces thrived in this environment and Pakistan has missed no opportunity to support and encourage them.Over the years it has succeeded in building a proPakistan base in the state. Frustrated in their efforts to gain power through democratic means, some politicians joined the anti-India front, more to put pressure on the Indian government than on ideological grounds. In a state, where the elicit population was against comm unal politics at the time of partition, the fundamentalist forces have managed to penetrate into the secular polity. The many serious problems of the people have to be addressed. It is not a coincidence that Pakistans efforts to destabilise Indias Internal Security Challenges 511 he situation in the state received some success only when our own political mismanagement provided it with an opportunity to intervene, as in 1965 and again in 1989. One of Pakistans main aims is to divide the polity on communal lines. The attitude of the Pakistani military government is un probable to change in the near future. But that does not mean that Pakistan should be allowed to set the Kashmir agenda. Moves will have to be made on all fronts to regain the initiative on both political and diplomatic fronts.The proposals made in the announcements by the Cabinet Committee on Security on October 22 are steps in the right direction, but the ground situation does not justify over-optimism. There are pro mising to be many ups and downs on this long torturous road to peace in Jammu and Kashmir. Left Extremism Making a beginning in Naxalbari in West Bengal and Telengana in Andhra Pradesh in the 1970s, the movement has since spread to many states Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. The root cause for the rise in Left extremism is the inability of the states to address the many genuine grievances of the people.The gap between the unrealistic expectations, fuelled by populist rhetoric, and their actual fulfilment has increased and not decreased over the years. The younger generation is no longer willing to put up passively with impairment and humiliation without a fight. The bitterness of the angry young man against the ordinary unjust socio-economic system is spilling over. The older generation is not unsympathetic to them. An educational system which produces unemployable young boys and girls has not helped. Pressure on land has made the task of survival on agr iculture more difficult.A callous district administration, especially in the rural areas, a choked judicial system and feudal attitudes have compounded the problem. The land disputes have multiplied, but the land records and the judicial system to settle them is in disarray. There is a sense of frustration and anger. The most prominent among the groups, that have mushroomed in the recent years, are the Peoples War Group (PWG) and the bolshy Communist Centre (MCC) . But it is not ideology and revolutionary zeal that is driving them. For many, joining these groups is the only way to survive.Their main activity is extortion. commodious funds amounting to hundreds of crores of rupees are being extorted by them. What they cannot 512 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 get through legitimate means they obtain through arms and explosives. Their tactics are no different from the insurgents and terrorists. Create terror and extort money. They are, however, not secessionists. Their aim is to o verthrow what they call an unjust socio-economic system. But they are in no hurry to achieve their ideological aims as long as they can extort enough money.Corrupt politicians, policemen and civil servants have made their own adjustments with these groups. A live-and-let live attitude is mutually beneficial to all of them. Who knows how much money goes to the extremists and how much goes to the others. The real sufferers are the very people for whom the extremists are waging this war against the state. In public perception a government that is unable to discharge all its responsibilities is more likely to respond when the demand is loud, organised and backed by acts of violence. The many progressive, wellintentioned legislations are not eing implement effectively and sometimes have done more harm than good by creating more bitterness and frustration, e. g. , the Minimum Wages Act. The marginal and deprived sections of the society are the worst hit. Social and economic factors are i mportant, but even more important are religion and identity. The secessionist movement in J&K is politically motivated, but its ideological base is strengthened around religious funda-mentalism. Fired by religious fervour, the young recruits have no hesitation in attacking ruthlessly what they consider the crappy political and moral order, which they perceive as hedonistic.Once the instruments of governance are discredited, it is not too difficult to justify their destruction as in J&K, the North-East or in the states afflicted by Left extremism. In another sense, however, the aim of all these movements is no different from the aim of legitimate political movements. They too seek to acquire power, measured in terms of exercising influence or control over the people and acquisition of wealth for them is the source of all power. Extortion, therefore, becomes an essential part of their strategy.Their goal and strategy could change during the course of the movement. In the initial sta ges some of them may only demand economic and political justice or more autonomy in the existing political system, like the Bodos in Assam, but they can take a more extremist stand and demand secession in the later stages. Effective steps to reduce ethnic and social inequalities, disparities in educational and employment opportunities, and for creating an effective machinery for the redressal of public grievance, are absolutely essential to Indias Internal Security Challenges 513 mprove the environment in which extremist violence flourishes. Steps to reduce economic deprivation and improve the delivery of essential services can erode the base of public support on which the extremist movements survive. It is relatively easier to find solutions to seemingly intractable political problems, like in J&K, in an environment where people are by and large satisfied with the functioning of the government agencies and are not deprived of essential services. More than anything else, it is the economic policies that would ultimately contain the future of these movements.A thriving economy, which gives hope and opportunity to the people, is more likely to defeat all types of extremist movements than any other strategy. The need for a well co-ordinated security apparatus can hardly be overemphasised. It should include the police, the paramilitary forces, the army and the intelligence agencies. A composite force on the lines of the National Security Guards (NSG) should be organised in all the states, even in those states where the internal security situation is not so serious.It is easier to deal with the problems at the initial stages, than later, when the state police is no longer able to cope with them. But in the states where the situation has gone beyond their control, the Centre, as laid down in the Constitution, is duty-bound to intervene, notwithstanding the fact that law and order is under the State List. The Union government is charged with the responsibility of p rotecting the states from internal disturbances under Article 353 of the Constitution, even though law and order comes under List-II, the State List.The Union government can issue directions to the state under Articles 257-258. Action for non-compliance of the directions from the Union government can be taken under Article 365. A state government can be dismissed under Article 356, if a situation arises in which the administration of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provender of the Constitution. A national emergency can be declared under Article 352. But, even if the Centre decides to intervene, the states role cannot be minimised.The primary responsibility to deal with the security challenges must rest with the state governments. A situation should not be allowed to develop where the state government washes its hands off, or its forces instead of cooperating with the central forces, actually work against them. The many internal security challenges can be met effectively only with full cooperation between the central and the state governments. The police, 514 Strategic Analysis/Oct-Dec 2003 the paramilitary forces, the army and all the intelligence agencies must act in close co-ordination.The hostile foreign forces can and will take advantage of the internal situation to destabilise the country in pursuit of their own agenda. All serious internal security problems communal and sectarian violence, organised crime, drug-trafficking, labour and students unrest, political violence and even economic crimes, if not checked effectively can develop an external dimension. There is an urgent need to make the police and the paramilitary forces more professional. The emphasis has to shift from more numbers to more professionally trained forces.The internal security problems should not be enured as merely law and order problems. They have to be dealt with comprehensively in all their dimensions and at all levels political, economic and social. They are all interlinked. At times, the required measures will conflict with each other. Going too far in one direction could be counter-productive. The security requirements have to be met, but that does not mean giving the security agencies a free hand. Striking the right balance is the key to success in meeting these challenges effectively.We need a comprehensive security policy that will be implemented effectively at all levels. Ladies and Gentlemen, I give thanks you for your indulgence. It has been my endeavour to offer a personal perspective on the nature of the internal security challenges that India currently faces. I hope these thoughts and observations would encourage greater deliberations amongst you. From this interaction we could perhaps distil a collective perspective that would be relevant both to the policy makers and the civil society. And finally, my best wishes to the entire IDSA labor union on this occasion and may your stature grow.

Attack on Pearl Harbor: Usa in World War Essay

garner Harbour is a lagoon harbour on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. nigh part of the harbour is a naval base for the United States dark blue and it is also the headquarters of United States Pacific Fleet. It was round downed by the lacquerese navy in a surprise troops aerate strike. The attack took rove in the early hours of December 7 1941 and lasted for around two hours. The undermentioned day USA declared war on Japan and olibanum the entry of USA in World War II. Reason for the attackYesterday, December 7, 1941 a date which pull up stakes live in obloquy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and tonal pattern forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the entreaty of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the alimentation of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese Amba ssador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatical negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or fortify attack.It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it explicit that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even off weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to misdirect the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace. The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives construct been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya. ultimately night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. blend in night Japanese forces attacked Guam.Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island.This morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.Japan has, therefore, under earnn a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday discourse for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well assure the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. Always will we toy with the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their innocent might will win through to absolute victory.I intrust I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I confirm that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make very certain that this fo rm of treachery shall never debunk us again. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our grease and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces with the illimitable determination of our people we will gain the inevitable triumph so help us God. I ask that the Congress declare that since the light and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December seventh, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.Bibliography* www.eyewitnesshistory.com* about.com* Wikipedia* www.history.com* www.worldwar2history.info* www.history.navy.mil* www.u-s-history.com* www.wtj.com ( War multiplication Journal )* www.law.ou.edu* www.bbc.co.uk* education.nationalgeographic.com

Fahrenheit 451 Allusion to Machiavelli Essay

Quote from Fahrenheit 451We argon all bits and pieces of annals and literature and international law. Byron, Tom Paine, Machiavelli, or Christ, its here (Bradbury 152). Bradbury, Ray. break away 3. Fahrenheit 451. New York Del Rey Book, 1991. 152. Print. Original Source or ContextNiccolo Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, and philosopher during the late 1400s early 1500s. Machiavelli is considered the father of modern political theory and his theories are most prominent in his short book, The Prince. Machiavellis The Prince is main objective is to tell regainrs how to remain in power once they have gained it. The surmount way to go about ruling according to Machiavelli is to simply rule well. However if this does not work Machiavelli recommends several different strategies such as the use of violence. During Machiavellis cartridge clip his theories were not widely accepted and because of this he died in shame. Machiavelli acted on his thoughts and belie fs despite what indian lodge taught and believed. However once time passed Machiavellis philosophies were correct understood and accepted. Other philosophers began take portions of his philosophy to tote up to their own. This brought upon a new respected spirit to Machiavelli rather than the shameful look he died with.Citations from Original SourceNederman, Cary. Niccol Machiavelli. Stanford University. Stanford University, 13 Sept. 2005. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. . Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527. Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. . Mansfield, Harvey. Niccolo Machiavelli (Italian Statesman and Writer). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. . Effect/ brainwaveThe effect of the allusion to Niccolo Machiavelli in Fahrenheit 451 is it connects roast Montag to Machiavelli. Montag acted on his thoughts and what he believed in rather than what society believed in. Montag believed books were necessary to society and that t he information in books had to be memorizedby someone in order to create a better future. The act of reading books was not accepted by society only when in the future Montag would be remembered as a hero for doing so. In the same sense Machiavellis philosophies were not accepted by society but were created in order to make life better in the Italian city states. Machiavellis died in shame from his peers but was later on remembered for doing great things for society. Bradburys purpose of alluding to Machiavelli in Fahrenheit 451 was to produce a real life example of what his main character Guy Montag was doing. This allusion is effective if the reader has an understanding of who Machiavelli is and what he contributed to society. Without knowing what Machiavelli did for society the allusion would not be effective.

Examples of Public Property in India Essay

* RPBRL has been in operations for the last 20 years and know as one of Indias leading manufacturers and exporters. * RPBRL is a Government approved and ISO 90012000, HACCP attest Company. * RPBRL is supplying Basmati Rice to clients in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Bahrain, Doha, Dubai, Cyprus, South Africa, Switzerland, Germany, France, Mauritius, etc. * It direct 250 employees in all offices and re limnatives in 19 countries. * It is one of the successful organizations in the Agro field. * For more than 20 years Chairman Sh. R P Singhal has been actively involved in manufacturing and exporting agricultural products to several markets. VISION To buy at sustainable development of villagers, empowerment of women and children and creating employment for the poor farmers. Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and seek (PGIMER) Established1962Type general DirectorProf. Yogesh ChawlaLocationChandigarh, IndiaPGIMER is a renown medical and research founding of Asia.It is recog nized for its education, medical research and training facilities as well as for its graduates.Himachal Pradesh University HPU is a public non-profit university located nearly 5 km past from the town of Summer Hill, in the vicinity of the Indian Institute of meansrn Study. It is wholly financed by the Government of Himachal Pradesh and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. Established1970Type commonChancellorUrmila SinghLocationSummer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, IndiaAffiliationsUGC, NAAC, AIUDharohar Haryana MuseumIt is a centre of Haryanavi Folk ending and Heritage of Haryana. It was inaugurated by Ch. Ranbir Singh on 28th April 2006 in the presence of Ch. Bhupinder Singh Hooda, pass Minister, Haryana. More than 3000 rare and antique artifacts available at Dharohar. It facilitate the Research Scholars, for the research in the field of folk culture, heritage, literature, architecture, music, traditions, customs, archaeology, education, economics, history, political science, and public administration. cursory AjitDaily Ajit is the worlds largest selling Punjabi language upstartspaper.citation needed The newspaper is owned by Hamdard family who are Sainis.1 The newspaper was founded in 1942 in Urdu language when the later(a) Sadhu Singh Hamdard became its first editor.2 Veteran journalist and ex-Rajya Sabha member, Dr. Barjinder Singh Hamdard, is the current Editor-in-Chief of this newspaper.HistoryAt the time of Independence, Himachal was formed as a C class severalise by merger of 33 hilly States of North-Western Himalayas on 15th April, 1948. rider and goods services were nationalized in the Pradesh in July, 1949. During the year 1958, a mickle, Mandi-Kullu Road jinx Corporation was floated jointly by the Govt. of Punjab, Himachal and Railways under the Road lift Corporation Act, 1950 basically to operate on the joint routes in the States of Punjab and Himachal. With the re-organization of Punjab State in 1966, few hilly areas of Punj ab were merged in Himachal and operational areas of Mandi-Kullu Road shift Corporation came entirely in the expanded State of Himachal. On 02.10.1974, Himachal Govt. Transport was merged with Mandi-Kullu Road Transport Corporation and was renamed what even today is known as Himachal Road Transport Corporation.GrowthAfter the formation of Himachal on 15th July, 1948 the network of roads had received top-most priority of the Government. At present the road network is widely spread in Himachal. In 1974 gist routes operated by HRTC were 379 which call for grown to 2119 in March 2010 and the fleet peculiarity has grown from 733 to 2005 in March 2010. Bus remains the sole mode of passenger transportation in the state as railways have a negligible presence in the State. The narrow gauge lines connecting Pathankot with Jogindernagar and Kalka with Shimla are so slow moving that a very small percentage of barter is carried by them at present thereby leaving the onus of carrying the pass enger traffic on to bus transport.Open Access land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW), the public can walk freely on mapped areas of mountain, moor, heath, downland and registered common land without having to stick to paths.People crossways England now have approximately 865,000 hectares of land across which they can walk, ramble, run, explore, climb and watch wildlife as they are given the freedom to access land, without having to stay on paths.The new rights, for which people have been campaigning for over 100 years, came into effect across all of England on 31 October 2005.

Hyperion Financial Management: Performance Tuning Guide

For house-to-house tuning information for the PM System, please constitute to the emailprotected hyperfine PM, Fusion Edition Performance and adjust Guide. Top of inscription This enrolment is written for people who monitor surgery and tune the components in an PM/BI environment. It is assumed that readers know server administration and hardware performance tuning fundamentals, web servers, java application servers and database. Introduction to visionary Hyperfine PM System Performance To maximize Oracle Hyperfine PM System performance, you need to monitor, analyze, and tune all the components.This guide describes the tools that you keep use to monitor performance and the techniques for optimizing the performance of Oracle Hyperfine PM System components, for causa fiscal Management, Sybase, Reporting and Analysis and Planning. Performance voice communication This guide uses the following performance terms Scal susceptibility The systems ability to perform in spite of ap pearance specification under increasing exploiter load, data load and hardware expansion. Latency The date between the issuing of a request and the time when the work actually begins on the request. Think time The time a real user pauses to think between actions.Resource utilization A inlet metric, for sample, the percent of CPU usage. Response time A time metric, for example round-trip time it takes the server to deliver a Web page. Throughput A total metric (requests per unit of time), for example, requests per second, bits per second. For example, if an application can handle 20 guest quests simultaneously and each request takes one second to serve well, this site has a potential throughput of 20 requests per second. Understanding Key Performance Drivers To optimise your deployment, you must(prenominal) understand the elements that influence performance and scalability.A chemical element that dictates performance is called a bring divulge performance driver. Knowing how the drivers behave in combination further enhances your ability to deploy Oracle Hyperfine PM system optimally, based on the unique requirements of each deployment. Hardware Capacity Factors such as number of servers, quantity and speed of processors, available RAM, network speed etc. technical foul Platforms Tuning Fine tuning other third party packet required for installing and running Oracle Hyperfine PM products for example relational databases, Java application servers, Web servers, Server / Client run System and browsers.Business diligence Design Application design is an important factor in system performance I. E. Structure, size, and use of product features in invention applications databases, reports, Web data entry forms, calculations and consolidations. Business Process usage Activities carried out by users in the normal flow of your business cycle. Business process usage has three components User natural action-?Activities available to users for data load or data entry, database processing (consolidations, copy, clear, and so on), and reporting and analysis. Rate of user activity A number of transactions executed by one user per one hour.User concurrency-?Number of users for each activity being carried out simultaneously. Tuning Recommendations for Financial Management Performance tuning Oracle Hyperfine Financial Management is a complex and iterative process. To ghetto started, this document includes recommendations to help you optimize your Oracle Hyperfine sew system reference. Note tuning has to be done for a particular production workload. Tuning can be conducted when workload is generated by load generation tools like Oracle Application Testing Suite (TATS) or Load Runner by HP.This document touches on several areas that provide a quick start for performance tuning Financial Management, including song Operating Systems parameters credit line HTTP Server parameters Tune HTTP Server Compression / Caching 4 Tune Oracle Database Parameters Hyper-Threading / SMS Con side of meatrations Note period the list in each of the above stated section is a useful tool in tarring your performance tuning, it is non meant to be comprehensive list of areas to tune. You must monitor and track specific performance issues deep down your implementation to understand where tuning can improve performance.Top Of Document analyse Performance Problems When a performance issue arises, it is critical to first watch the cause prior to taking any corrective action. Oracle does not recommend changing performance-related parameter settings or taking other actions until an all-inclusive analysis of the problem has been performed. Using supervise Tools Oracle strongly recommends victimization monitoring tools to collect performance ATA as part of the diagnostic process. Monitoring the WFM application server, web servers, database server(s) and network layers provide useful performance data.The recommended tool to monitor the WFM ap plication process performance on the Windows server side is Microsoft Performance monitoring. Steps for configuring Performance Monitor to gather the counters specific for HEM application can be found here HTTPS//support. Us. Oracle. Com/pop/faces/ obtain/km/ Documentations. JSP? Id=953294. 1 Performance counters to monitor include Us correspond Counter Guidance Memory Memory Free System model when Free System rascal Table Entries is Page Table Entries less(prenominal) than 8,000 Critical when Free System page Table Entries is less than 5,000.On WFM systems if you modify KGB without proper tuning as per recommendations stated in section Tune Windows /KGB, you will notice 5000 PET as initial value later the reboot. Memory Available Should be no glare than 20% to 25% of Installed Maybes physical memory. In these cases, carefully monitor Paging activity. Memory Page This counter should be below 1,000 at all times. Reads/sec central processing unit processor % processor Total proc essor utilization should be lower than about Time Total to 80%. Processor % Processor individually processor instance should be lower than about 5 disk 70% to 80% utilization.

Hedda Gabler Essay

byout the years people oblige real an image of how a particular sexual practice should act. In the play Hedda Gabler, the eccentric persons that ar involved challenge and conform the sexual urge pigeonholes through verbal and non-verbal text. The germ Henrik Ibsen has displayed characters such as Hedda Gabler and Julianne Tesman to challenge their stereotypical sexual activity behaviors.Hedda Gabler, the plays main character, challenges the common gender boss of a woman by portraying Gabbler as a person who has a thirst for world free. Gablers father, General Gabler is one of the main influences of her behavior challenging her feminine role. An vitrine is Tesman- My old morning shoes, my slippers look I missed them dreadfully. Now you should dupe them. Hedda- No thanks, it really doesnt interest me. This portrays Gabler showing no affectionateness to Jorgen Tesmans slippers. The way Hedda is non interested in Tesmans slippers shows her bitty care for affection towar ds Tesman. This challenges the common gender stereotype beca single-valued function women are pigeonhole to be affectionate and sensitive.Hedda Gabler is furthered portrayed by having male traits by non-verbal aspects of her character by having a pistol, Hedda-lifting the pistol and aiming Im going to hire you, sir Brack- No, no, no Dont stand there aiming that at me. This excerpt represents the gun symbolically representing her masculinity and at this point, Hedda using it empowers her and used to take a crap some sought of power over Brack. The gun seen as a non verbal aspect of the play clearly representing Hedda Gabbler in a masculine way challenging the common stereotype of her gender. The gun, a phallic symbol, is Hedda communicate her masculinity.The way she always shows the gun, aiming it at Brack and talking about the gun to Tesman awful him. Brack towards the end of the play blackmails Hedda about the death of lovburg and to avoid he organism publically disgraced mus t tend to the will of Brack, Brack- Willingly all single evening, Miss Tesman. We shall have a very pleasant period here you and I Hedda Yes that is what you are looking forward to isnt, Mr. Brack? You as the provided cock in the yard. Hedda then kills herself representing her making sure Brack does not adhere the upper hand over her and gets the ultimate freedom from men nerve-wracking to dominate her.Hedda Gabler also shown to hate thought of pregnancy rejecting the common gender stereotype. This is shown through a conversation between Julie Tesman and Hedda Gabler Tesman Yes but have you spy how plumped shes grown, and how well she is? How much she has filled out on her travels? Hedda Im exactly the same as I was when I went away. This advert represents that Hedda resents the idea of her being pregnant and will avoid the topic completely. Through this Hedda further come ups against her gender stereotype by not wanting to have kids which all women at that time where ex pected to have. She further rebels against this concept by ultimately her death by suicide. Through killing herself it shows the ultimate rejection of hunting lodges expectation for a female and projects Heddas resent to conform.Julie Tesman is a character in the play that conforms to the female gender stereotype. Julie Tesman portrays this in the paly by constantly asking Tesman if Hedda is pregnant Yes but have you noticed how plumped shes grown, and how well she is? How much she has filled out on her travels? which is important because she believes she should be. The incident that Julie Tesman serves Jorgen Tesman implements that she works for men a common female gender stereotype that women work for men. The fact that Julie Tesman will sacrifice everything for Jorgen shows her as mother framing toward Jorgen. Julie is seen as a mother figure, which shows that she is conforming to a female gender stereotype.In the play Hedda gabbler the author has created characters that chal lenge and conform to the common gender stereotypes. Hedda gabbler through being portrayed as masculine and always not wanting to be controlled sows how she challenges the female gender stereotype. Julie Tesman portrayed as a caring, old mother figure conforms to a female gender stereotype because of her show of affection, fragility and seen as a mother figure. Through the use of verbal and non-verbal aspects the author has projected these two characters to conform and the other to rebel against the common gender stereotype.

Listo System Essay

IntroductionListo establishment is a realise graphic service confederacy which deals with all the graphic related programming having a long successful history. Due to the persistence effort of management, the comp all got a tremendous achievement in a very short-circuit period of time and in early 1990s the organization experience one of the top graphic service companies in the globe. various factors know encountered the caller-up in incompatible focussings. The proficient advancement, change in consumers pick up and demand, competitors are the major components propeling the listo musical arrangement. The impact of power shifting from the seller to the BuyerAs Listo system has been growing tremendiously in the graphic conception world but the company was not fit to cope with the food merchandise growth appropriately. The above case shows that company was not able to apply the Latest technological invention in the outdo effective way so they are not able to produc e the goods and services correspond to the guest invites and demand. By viewing the wishing in the market, distinct competitors emerges and occupy the vacuum created by the listo system. Latest technology also helped the competitors for the return of the quality product which met the consumers taste and preferences. This create a extreme tilt in providing the quality of goods and product in a reasonable footing between the competitors. Todays customers are so much alive(predicate) about the quality and price of the product.So, the availability of the substitute product leads to annex in bargening power of the customer and to consume those goods and product which are of high quality with a reasonable price. Employees are the most valuable assets of any company. But the listo Company was not able to satisfy their employees in different aspect. Employees satisf do and motivation leads to the profit maximization of every business firm. Different training, incentives, rewards, and encourgemnt need to be wearn for every employees so that they impart give every possible outcome to the organization. Listo fails to serve these things but focuses only on the profit and market optimization. Lacking the proper researches relating to the customers survival and preferences in the graphic shrewd field by the company leads company to lose its market share. Similary, a company lacks visionary leadership who toilet easily trace out all the future possibleoccupation in advance and prepare the necessity strategy to strengthne the market leadership. Thus, a company compel to shift their power to the customer.External Factors Affecting Listo systemThere are various External factors that affect the listo system. They are explained on a lower floorTechnological advancementThe latest invention of different technology helped the listo system very much in different sectors. With the latest technology, they are competent of producing the services in very short period of time employ the available resources in the best effective way according to the need of the customer choice. Quality of products cease also gradually increases with minimum inputs that will decrease the price of the product can be a market leader.Customers ExpectationCustomers are the one of the most important factor that affect the listo system. Different factors need to be considered by the listo system inorder to get the customer attraction. Different customers have different choice and preferences to satisfy their need the listo system has to produce much(prenominal) a product that meet the all their expectations.CompetitorsWe cannot keep back any activities of our compititors but we can build different strategies to cope with the action taken by our competitors. Many competitors have emerged in the graphic designing sector which is creating great competition in the market. This leads the company to provide the best quality products and services to its customers in reasonabl e price than other.1. Listo Systems The Challenge of a Growing OrganizationDefining the ContextListo Systems, one of the worlds top graphic service companies, was established in the 1990s when technological advancements were increasing and creating a more competitive market. After going done a period of great success and growth, the company decided to guide a number of new employees and adding new layers of managers and supervisors.Defining the Key Issues or ProblemsThe main issue is that Listo Systems has been growing too quickly, and the company has not been able to cope with this growth appropriately. Due to this situation, causal variables such as lack of proper training for new employees, management becoming less implicated with workers opinions and more concentrated on production and profit have eroded. As a consequence, there has been a lack of clearness regarding the companys objectives and goals, and as a result of this there have been intervening variables such as decre asing employee motivation and productivity which provoked personnel disturbance rate to increase and amount of sick days taken doubled.Applying Conceptsorganisational Level 1 Key Players (Stakeholders) and Business Ideas (Purpose) In this level, () implementing business ideas in the internal and external environment is affected by the stakeholders, key players, or factors whose helping or hindering roles determine success or sorrow to the organization. This level involves establishing, refining and monitoring the vision of the company so it can synchronize stakeholders and key players with the business ideas and purpose of the organization.

Bram Stoker Essay

Within Dracula, reliever clearly presents the male person timbers in the book as heroes, without over emphasising this by giving them inordinately strong powers. They are portrayed as normal human beings with faults and weaknesses. This discharge be seen when new wave Helsing suffers from hysteria, but despite this still plays an important component in the chase for Dracula, and tote ups confidence to their quest at desperate prison terms. He describes the Band of Brothers as those , who are willing to venture even our suffer souls for the safety of one we love-for the good of mankind, and for the honour and glorification of paragon.A similar comparison could be made to pretended characters/super heroes in divertings such as Superman. They save the weak and bring down the villain while also leading normal lives. still despite doing this, these super heroes still posses certain vulnerabilities, in the instance of superman, he possesses a weakness to kryptonite. In the s ame sense, members of the brotherhood swallow their own weaknesses. Therefore, it is fair to say that there is some presence of a absurd book nature in Stokers writings, and the characters in the book represent this.Stoker does well not to make the characteristics of his male heroes all man and butch, akin our version of the male hero today. I believe Stokers view of the perfect hero, is one that is physically strong but in touch with his feminine side. I believe such a character to be Van Helsing. At the opening of Jonathan Harkers journal it says, God preserve my sanity, and later Dr. Seward says, What does this all mean? I am offset to wonder if my long habit of life amongst the insane is beginning to tell upon my own brain.Clearly indoors the novel, the male characters give tongue to signs of tenderness and sensitivity, which would be an imperative trait for a wo hands of the time. Despite this, within the Band of Brothers each individual member have their own ain weaknes s, and this again parallels to that of a super hero in a comic book, (an ideal present day hero), how everyone has their own weaknesses, and often all have a commonplace weakness, eg. Breathing, in a comic world.In this case, the universal weakness of the Band of the Brothers is the shared love and protective nature over their women/partners. I believe that the men in the novel feel be by Dracula, who is a perfectly attractive, who is physically powerful, and more importantly targeting their women. The men may have felt that this new species may lure their women forth from them, since it can be seen that his prey needs some sort of willingness or co-operation for him to act.It is not clear in the novel if Jonathan and Mina have fulfill their marriage, since Jonathan was in such a bad state at the time of the wedding, yet later in the play he again shows inadequacies in the bedroom department, and can only watch Mina sucking at the chest of Dracula having been paralysed by the mo re dominant figure, Dracula. In the novel, own(prenominal) and universal strengths and weaknesses are present in the Band of Brothers. Since all the characters pertain are human, there is no distinct line between the two, perchance rather they represent individuality of characters.Due to the groups enthusiasm, and their forwardness to save their beloved from Dracula, they play directly into the hands of Dracula, and this can be seen in London. This shows that the eager and hunger of the man exploits their weakness of not view correctly, rushing into things and a little gullibility. Mina is left alone at the house a sitting duck for Dracula to attack, a unreflective action showing human weakness. However the group show undischarged dedication and understanding to the task in hand as Van Helsing says, Our toil must be in silence, and our efforts in secret for in this enlightened age

Why we hate HR

This shows the critical position and put to work f military man resources sufficement ( slander) in an musical arrangement. However, round concerns ar articulated in the member Why We detest HER. The creator did slightly research on the intensity level and efficiency of ill-use serve up, finding that the rail at does non do their stimulate Job most and accountably to maximise the gentlemans gentleman resourcesfinding the best hires, nurturing the stars, and fostering a deep work environment. Although few of the authors points may be more or less original, most points atomic number 18 knowledgeable.In the take noneing summary, give opinions be presenting to analyze and evaluate the authors arguments about the HER function in organisations. HER plenty arnt the Sharpest Tacks in the Box (Disagree) As I mentioned before, employees ar valuable assets of an organization to offer necessary perseverance and pricey expertise. They are executors and perform ers following the authorize level management to make efforts and contributions to the organization. They are also related to the victimization and progress of an organization. Where do these employees come from?HER professionals hire them and thus fulminate them to maximize their function and obligation. HER is around(prenominal)thing of an umbrella term, encompassing many confuse functions within its scope. As the strength of an organization relies upon the strength of its employees, the effective management of an organizations benignant resources can push the organization toward higher levels of performance. (Kennedy, May/June 2004, Para. 2&3). This reveals the importance of abuse in an organization to regulate and manage employees and human relations crosswise the different departments.In addition, the author divides the HER wad into devil classifications. One is intelligent plurality who fare poorly in meatier government agency, but non poorly bounteous to be fire so that exile from organization mainstream into HER apartment. A nonher character is those who enter the report by choice and with the best of intentions, but for the unlawful fences such as liking working with nation. From own view, this classification is somewhat subjective and biased. valet de chambre resources bulk are employees of an organization as well.In indian lodge to execute their function, apace choosing and arranging them is non a wise elan to improve the role of abuse so that the possibility of exile should be tiny. The ability and grapheme of HER throng should be high enough to conceal the entrance of saucy employees, improvement of experienced employees, and human relations cross tracks the entire organization. HER Pursues readiness in Lieu of Value (Agree) The worth of presentables is a vital measuring to assess the say-so and efficiency of terms.This means the HER people are not measured by what they do but by what they deliver to not o nly the employees and line managers, but also the investors and customers. Recently, the chop-chop changing dynamics of the marketplace are forcing organizations to question whether they have the get hold of knowledge, processes, and technology to deliver HER services that add alee and are appeal effective (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 2). This reflects devil different kinds of deliverables, adding value and saving bell.Capital asset is used to produce value-added. The dash of value creation is usu tout ensembley divided into two forms material outstanding and human great(p). In the perspective of human chief city, it refers to the assembling of knowledge, skills, and vigor endow in people, and it is the main body of value creation. With the matter and popularity of human swell theory, people began to attach importance to human capital in sparing growth, which accordingly contributes to the increase in human capital investment (Ghana & Run- colossus Jinn, March 2006, Para . ). This shows the tendency of value creation by victimize to the using of an organization. Specifically, HER people should connect right employees to the suitable plant while selecting. Afterward, they should train the employees appropriately to deliver valuable and useful instruction so that raw employees could better understand the organization, position, and responsibility. Finally, through performance appraisal, some issues and matters should be fixed. in all Hess ways could add value into the organization to improve the progress.Cost saving is some other type of deliverables that performs in the opposite way of adding value. It most related to the financial executives so that the cooperation between financial function and HER function is tight and vital. monetary executives need to make sure their organizations HER function runs swimmingly and cost efficiently By performing a structured analysis of HER service delivery, organizations practically can gain perspecti ve on the proper course to follow to transform the HER function (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 11).The way of cost effectiveness by HARM could be communication among executives and determination a manageable strategy in order to deliver HER services for equity and change in the future. HER isnt workings for You (Neutrality) HARM is restricted by legal labor regulations promulgated by the government authority, such as Equal custom Opportunity, Fair restriction Standards, and Occupational Safety and Health. In addition, the organization itself has own policies and rules to be followed by HARM. This means HER people have to accept twain the outsider and insider supervisions with sensible caution to make sure it does not UN tangled of the rules.Usually, they pursue normalisation and uniformity in the face of a work force that is heterogeneous and daedal because this way is relatively easy to regulate and manage the employees and functions. They have a tension created by HRS role as shielder of the organizations assets so that meekness is put in the first place. Nothing would be smooth all the time. There are still some exceptions that bollocks the strict rules. These exceptions should be considered by HER people under their management.Therefore, at this time, the way used by HER people o deal with the exceptions is important since it not only shows the efficacy of adoption, but also relates to the maintenance of relationship between employees and functions. In the article of Why We Hate HER, the author is somewhat radical that all the exceptions are not considered carefully and dealt with well by HER people because they follow the rules rigorously without any exception. The author also describes that bureaucrats everywhere accurse exceptionsnot fitting because they open up the organization to charges of bias, but because they solicit more than rote solutions.From own viewpoint, the authors bill is valid and understandable, but not absolute. Klein (S eep. 1998) found that Organization human resource managers Often get no measure because they work in the so called soft end of the company and on the face of it dont directly partake the bottom line (Para. 1). This reveals the reason why HER people do not accept some exceptions the influence of accepting exceptions is precise that has no effectiveness and efficiency to the organization. Under this condition, some exceptions are ignored, not Just because HER people are lazy to find the solutions.Therefore, although there may be some excuses from HER people, most exceptions are considered carefully by HER people. The reason why some employees feel ignored may be that HARM do not give out a reasonable explanation timely and persuasively. terminal In my opinion, some of the authors main points are reasonable and persuasive, but some others may be somewhat radical. The importance of HARM cannot be ignored. It acts as a transporter between employees and employers, working for some(p renominal) of them. The function of HARM is to add value into the organization and save cost to maintain the worth of the organization.Why we hate HRThis shows the critical role and function f human resources management (HARM) in an organization. However, some concerns are articulated in the article Why We Hate HER. The author did some research on the effectiveness and efficiency of HARM function, finding that the HARM does not do their own Job virtually and accountably to maximize the human resourcesfinding the best hires, nurturing the stars, and fostering a productive work environment. Although some of the authors points may be somewhat radical, some points are knowledgeable.In the following analysis, own opinions are presenting to analyze and evaluate the authors arguments about the HER function in organizations. HER People arent the Sharpest Tacks in the Box (Disagree) As I mentioned before, employees are valuable assets of an organization to offer necessary labor and worthy ex pertise. They are executors and performers following the top level management to make efforts and contributions to the organization. They are also related to the development and progress of an organization. Where do these employees come from?HER professionals hire them and then train them to maximize their function and obligation. HER is something of an umbrella term, encompassing many various functions within its scope. As the strength of an organization relies upon the strength of its employees, the effective management of an organizations human resources can propel the organization toward higher levels of performance. (Kennedy, May/June 2004, Para. 2&3). This reveals the importance of HARM in an organization to regulate and manage employees and human relations across the different departments.In addition, the author divides the HER people into two classifications. One is intelligent people who fare poorly in meatier role, but not poorly enough to be fired so that exile from orga nization mainstream into HER apartment. Another type is those who enter the field by choice and with the best of intentions, but for the wrong reasons such as liking working with people. From own view, this classification is somewhat subjective and biased. Human resources people are employees of an organization as well.In order to execute their function, cursorily choosing and arranging them is not a wise way to improve the role of HARM so that the possibility of exile should be tiny. The ability and quality of HER people should be high enough to control the entrance of new employees, improvement of experienced employees, and human relations across the entire organization. HER Pursues Efficiency in Lieu of Value (Agree) The worth of deliverables is a vital measurement to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of HARM.This means the HER people are not measured by what they do but by what they deliver to not only the employees and line managers, but also the investors and customers. Recently, the rapidly changing dynamics of the marketplace are forcing organizations to question whether they have the appropriate knowledge, processes, and technology to deliver HER services that add alee and are cost effective (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 2). This reflects two different kinds of deliverables, adding value and saving cost.Capital asset is used to produce value-added. The way of value creation is usually divided into two forms material capital and human capital. In the perspective of human capital, it refers to the aggregation of knowledge, skills, and vigor endowed in people, and it is the main body of value creation. With the emergence and popularity of human capital theory, people began to attach importance to human capital in economic growth, which accordingly contributes to the increase in human capital investment (Ghana & Run- titan Jinn, March 2006, Para. ). This shows the tendency of value creation by HARM to the development of an organization. Specifically, H ER people should connect right employees to the suitable position while selecting. Afterward, they should train the employees appropriately to deliver valuable and useful information so that new employees could better understand the organization, position, and responsibility. Finally, through performance appraisal, some issues and matters should be fixed. All Hess ways could add value into the organization to improve the progress.Cost saving is another type of deliverables that performs in the opposite way of adding value. It closely related to the financial executives so that the cooperation between financial function and HER function is tight and vital. Financial executives need to make sure their organizations HER function runs smoothly and cost efficiently By performing a structured analysis of HER service delivery, organizations often can gain perspective on the proper course to follow to transform the HER function (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 11).The way of cost effectiveness by HARM could be communication among executives and determination a realizable strategy in order to deliver HER services for equity and diversity in the future. HER isnt Working for You (Neutrality) HARM is restricted by legal labor regulations promulgated by the government authority, such as Equal Employment Opportunity, Fair Labor Standards, and Occupational Safety and Health. In addition, the organization itself has own policies and rules to be followed by HARM. This means HER people have to accept both the outsider and insider supervisions with reasonable caution to make sure it does not UN afoul of the rules.Usually, they pursue standardization and uniformity in the face of a workforce that is heterogeneous and complex because this way is relatively easy to regulate and manage the employees and functions. They have a tension created by HRS role as protector of the organizations assets so that compliance is put in the first place. Nothing would be smooth all the time. There are st ill some exceptions that violate the strict rules. These exceptions should be considered by HER people under their management.Therefore, at this time, the way used by HER people o deal with the exceptions is important since it not only shows the capability of adoption, but also relates to the maintenance of relationship between employees and functions. In the article of Why We Hate HER, the author is somewhat radical that all the exceptions are not considered carefully and dealt with well by HER people because they follow the rules strictly without any exception. The author also describes that bureaucrats everywhere abhor exceptionsnot Just because they open up the organization to charges of bias, but because they require more than rote solutions.From own viewpoint, the authors explanation is reasonable and understandable, but not absolute. Klein (Seep. 1998) found that Organization human resource managers Often get no respect because they work in the so called soft end of the compa ny and seemingly dont directly affect the bottom line (Para. 1). This reveals the reason why HER people do not accept some exceptions the influence of accepting exceptions is diminutive that has no effectiveness and efficiency to the organization. Under this condition, some exceptions are ignored, not Just because HER people are lazy to find the solutions.Therefore, although there may be some excuses from HER people, most exceptions are considered carefully by HER people. The reason why some employees feel ignored may be that HARM do not give out a reasonable explanation timely and persuasively. Conclusion In my opinion, some of the authors main points are reasonable and persuasive, but some others may be somewhat radical. The importance of HARM cannot be ignored. It acts as a transporter between employees and employers, working for both of them. The function of HARM is to add value into the organization and save cost to maintain the worth of the organization.

Overcriminalization Essay

In every nation, people atomic number 18 governed by a government. The very purpose of having a government is to bear a highest power to maintain peace and order in a nation. A government, through its legitimate authority and power, sets up police forces and rules and every citizens ar expected to follow. These laws argon granted as a guide and match that the activities and affairs of every individual are within the setting of juristicity, morality, original customs, and traditions and is not violating early(a) peoples rights. Body In guilty law and nonetheless in the Constitution, crimes that are against people and properties are defined.This includes murder, rape, robbery, theft, among others. same punishment has also been provided for the purpose of distinguishing the legal standard of referee (Husak, 2008, p. 6). Significantly, thoice is the very reason for penalizing individuals who acted beyond their right. However, justice also has standard that cannot just easi ly be measured. exclusively the laws are absolute and in the context of the law, justice is served. On the part of every individual, he is given exemption to act, provided that he is not violating any laws.In the society, changes are also indispensable, comparable the existence of homo stimulateuals. For these changes and acceptance of the people of taboos, many argue that overcriminalization exist in the criminal justice system of the country. Meanwhile overcriminalization refers to idea that laws regulating familiar morality may result in a substantial aside of police, prosecutor, and judicial time, personnel and resources. In the medical and psychological arena, homosexuality is trustworthy however such has been criminalized under the anal sex law established since ordinal century (Greenbers, 1988, p. 455).Notably, During WWII, a man was convicted of 20- year in prison for streamlet an entertainment establishment for homosexuals despite his effort in catching German spies (Greenbers, 1988 p. 455). Since then several men were indicted for a long year handcuffs because of heterosexual relationships. Gays and flush lesbians acts and weft were controlled by law. A wrong choice would be equivalent to imprisonment. Since then the anal intercourse law has been challenged of its constitutionality. Several gays claimed that sodomy laws curtails their quitdom to privacy and choice. However, the court stayed the legality of the law until 2003.In Lawrence v. Texas (539 U. S. 558), the petitioner, a man, was caught in his tete-a-tete room having carnal knowledge with a man. They were arrested for violating the sodomy law. In court, Lawrence raised that the law violates their constitutional right on constitute protection, imputable process and privacy. After extensive debates, all sodomy laws were soft on(p) out in all states and the gays and lesbians were liberated. Primarily, the court stressed that gays maintain some other overcriminalization seen is the prohibition on alcohol consumption. In the honest-to-goden era, wine serves as medicine for several diseases and as pain reliever.Wine was also among the essentials in gatherings and ceremonies. Through time, many alcohol beverages were processed to make it more intoxicant. However, it was do a crime to consume alcohol and other form of intoxicants. The authorities argued that alcohol can make a drank an evil because of the effects of intoxication. umteen crimes were committed due to drunkenness and to neutralise further crimes, the law forbidden the citizens to take in alcohol. However, the curtailment of crime resulted to the violation of right. The legislature kept on defining numerous crimes instead of setting up a fairer standard that will regulate alcohol.At present, the law is hitherto mum as to the issue on lowering of drinking age from 21 to 18 years of age. galore(postnominal) argue that adults below 21 year- old are penalized for consuming alcohol and consid ered it as ironical when they were granted policy-making and civil rights at the age of 18. Through this, the law is seen to have overcriminalized. However, the law is becoming lenient because several adult below 21 are able to drink without being caught. While it may be observe that the law is becoming lenient on criminalizing some immoral acts, other forms of overcriminalization can be noticed today.Although liberations have been celebrated by heterogeneous classes, the open is endangered of other being punished severely for superficial crimes. With the death of sodomy law and alcohol bans, the liberty of the citizens are merely unsettled. After the 9/11 terrorist attack several laws were passed by the coitus to curtail terrorism. However, it has a drawback against the citizens. The Patriot Act which encompasses crimes of export and money wash is considered to have its way to overcriminalization. This is so because of the imposition of a grave penalisation to a petty crim e.An astonishing example is David McNab, a fisherman, who was charged for smuggling and money- laundering for bagging a 5. 5 inches lobster (Berlau, Making a fruitcake of the Patriot Act). . For a minor environmental violation, McNab is now serving a multi- year sentence (Berlau, Making a Meth of the Patriot Act). Many more types of overcriminalization are expected in the enforcement of the Patriot act because of the free access and intensified surveillance that authorities are able to do. In some states, overcriminalization do exist.In District of Columbia, the state law and even federal law prohibit the unauthorized use of the Smokey Bear emblems (Luna, 2005, p. 704). The rule-governed exercise of religious belief in school and in public placed are even punished or restricted due to the insistence of separation of church and state principle. Nevertheless, while overcriminalization may still exist, todays regulation has become more lenient than before. Rights to same- sex marriage , common law relationship, and even possession of gun by private individuals are just some of the evidence of laws leniency.Since the feudal time, many changes have occurred that even various kinds of discrimination were eradicated. Many liberalists were overjoyed and are even lobbying for other rights that are made guilty by laws. As for them, the delight of liberties is the real guarantee of democracy. Conclusion Since nineteenth century, the governments authority was so broad in scope that citizens were enjoying a limited freedom. each acts of immorality in eyes of the church then were also punishable by law.Several private rights were not recognized due to the controlling laws and unacceptability of the society of the changes. These led to the perception that overcriminalization is existing in the legal system. In the twentieth century, laws that impose punishments for immoral acts were invalidated by the courts. Indeed, overcriminalization has slowed a bit. However, due to t he pending threat on security, the overcriminalization may be strengthened. But the civil liberty advocates are watchful of every government acts to avoid further curtailment of rights and eventually guarantees respect to democracy.

Engaging & Supporting Students in Learning Essay

Many algebra instructors find bookman engagement as maven of the most uncontrollable ch allenges in educational activity the qualified. This is primarily beca consumption familiar culture has constructed the idea of mathematics in general as a difficult and disinteresting subject and algebra specifically to be whiz of the most difficult and disinteresting of them all. However, my experience with t for each oneing the subject has dish outed me select curb instructional strategies that tail assembly engage all students and encourage their musical compositionicipation. Further much, I pitch come to deepen many of these strategies to suit my own divisionroom needs and in nigh occasions pick out even developed my own.Perhaps one of the topper ways to engage students who roll in the hay be assumed to have a certain fear of the subject is make sure that the less(prenominal)ons atomic number 18 not delivered too quickly. For this purpose, I employ the 5+1 instructional ou t edge when delivering subject nitty-gritty. In this system, subject mental object is delivered at only 5 minutes at a time. Each of the 5-minute time frames atomic number 18 followed with a 1 minute period for students to reflect and ask questions (Rowan, 2007). Then the lesson riposte to the next 5-minute interval. It is all-important(a) that there is suitable supply on the part of the teacher before every lesson because the lesson partition in each of the 5-minute intervals moldiness be so that the lesson should not be kept hanging.For example, in direction about operations on polarityed poem, the 5-minute period should not compass two operations. In fact, addition and subtraction of signed poesy in themselves should consist of two 5-minute intervals each. During the 1-minute time for reflection, I have found that students turn tail to ask some very important questions that argon confusing them. If not for those 1-minute breaks, students whitethorn end up making mis beats on the counterbalance sets of judge drills because of the lack of hazard to clarify matters. The 1-minute breaks allows every student the opportunity to let the cat out of the bag out instead of boring them with 30-minute blocks with no one but the teacher talking. This mode thus engages all of the students to participate in the lesson. some other scheme that I have found to engage all of the students ar drills. Drills be short written exercises normally composed of no more than 10 items that students argon asked to accomplish at the end of each lesson. To speed up the administration of drills, I have them photocopied before class begins and just devote them out at the fascinate time. Having drills at the end of every lesson allows students to screen for themselves whether or not they understand the subject matter. educatees be asked to exchange c all over at the end of the time allotted for the drill and then students atomic number 18 called at random to give their answers on the board. Students who were not called to give the answers be called to check if the answers condition by their classmates are correct and to invoke feasible corrections. The engagement of students through this strategy is two-fold. First, the immaculate class accomplishes the drill and second, students are called to either answer or critique the answers. Several roots in algebra are very appropriate for connecting to real-world situations. These topics should be recognized and their potentials should be exploited in edict to observe maximum student attention. One such topic is the addition and subtraction of signed come racket game. In introducing the study, the teacher mint use the money analogy to represent positive and negative numbers.Positive numbers represent money on hand season negative numbers represent money owed and each operation as a fiscal transaction. This makes it much easier to explain why -4 + 5 = 1 by face that you owe someone $4 an d then you have $5 to salary with so you have $1 left after the transaction. This method relies less on the traditional rules when it comes to adding and subtracting signed numbers and forwards a more practical approach that students stack connect better with.Another opportunity to introduce connections between the lesson and the real-world is chore resolve. Word problems can be draw as consisting of two parts, the subject content and the flavor text. The subject content is the lesson that the problem aims to teach while the flavor text is the context of the contrive problem itself. It is highly important that the teacher selects flavor text that are appropriate to the learners. Word problems can be about recent baseball game games or current media interests or popular games. These applications suggest the student that algebra can really be found even in the things that interest them the most. gamy school students are usually very genially alert. At their developmental st age, strategies employed on them should address their inherent need to socialize. Thus, the paired problem solution approach where one person commemorates aloud in solving the problem while the other listens and provides feedback (Rowan, 2007) is developmentally appropriate. Of course, it is take up to assign students who are per radiation diagraming less effectively in class as the ones who think aloud so that they allow actually engage the problem while the listener should be the ones who are performing better in class so that they can guide their partners to the right answer.Another developmentally appropriate strategy is the Phillips 66 where students are grouped into 6 members and are apt(p) 6 minutes to solve a particularly difficult assess (Rowan, 2007). Each group is habituated a different problem and all of the members should understand the solution because the teacher can question any one of them when they present their result. This pictures that there would be suf ficient interaction within groups. realm 2 Assessing Student scholarship (1 Page) Before the pull up stakes of the course and usually on the first day of class, a diagnostic examination is inclined to the class so that each member can be assessed for the demand competencies to an algebra course. This examination basically includes the four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of unit numbers), fractions, decimals, and simple, non-algebraic problem solving.After the administration of the examination, the papers are evaluated and key competencies that are lacking are noted. The students are each given private assessments of their slaying in the preliminary diagnostic exam which include suggestions on how they can tackle any deficiencies that were found. If a student is found to be passing deficient in the appropriate competencies, their parents should be informed so that they can be a part of taking appropriate action. This assessment mus ical instrument guides the teacher to be certain that the class is prepared to take a course in algebra. During the instruction, drills are given at the end of each lesson in order to reinforce what has just been taught and ensure that the students were able to understand. These assessments are short and only test one particular part of the entire instruction. At the end of the instruction, a summational test is given to ensure that the students were able to absorb the different parts of the lesson into a collective whole. The summative test will compose of the various subtopics and will comprehensively verse students performance and intrinsically, the effectiveness of the instruction. federal agencys of the summative test on content that are needed for the next lesson would overly serve as a diagnostic test. All assessments should be properly time-framed according to type and clog.Part 4 Making Subject Matter Comprehension to Students (1 Page)I have modified the guided lend oneself strategy for it to become a staging strategy that is most suitable for algebra. This modification takes into consideration that changing the given of an algebraic problem does not change the approach in solving that problem. In this modified scaffolding strategy, each student is given one of 5 different items that only vary slightly in their given numbers. A sixth similar problem is displayed by the teacher on the board. The teacher shows the students how to solve the problem while the students apply the method apply by the teacher to their own individual problems. Each problems answer is already given to each respective student so that the students would know if they were able to obtain the correct answer.Another scaffolding strategy that can be utilise is guided questioning for erroneous examples. In this strategy, the teacher presents erroneous solutions in class and then asks guided questions that would help the class determine the things that are impose on _or_ oppr ess with the solution or sometimes with the problem itself. The teacher should prepare various items and as the strategy progresses, it should take less and less guided questions for students to figure out what are wrong with the problems and solutions given.An important concept in algebra is transpositions. What I believe to be a common mistake in principle this particular concept is set-back with how we can simply move expressions from one side of the get even sign to the other and change their signs. While this is correct, it is insensitive to the underlying principle of transpositions which should first be elaborated upon. Hence, it is best to start with a non-algebraic example of equivalence and show how adding or subtracting a certain quantity from both sides of the equal sign still results in an equality. From this, the concept can be reckon to apply to equalities with algebraic expressions.Only after this has been established should the short-cut of just move expressio ns and changing signs be introduced. Another concept that is necessary to algebra is that of irrational numbers. The best strategy for teaching this concept is contrasting it with rational numbers which is a concept that students are more familiar with. The teacher can show that all rational numbers can be formed by a fraction where both numerator and denominator are integers while irrational numbers could not be. This establishes the clear-cut difference between the two and gives irrational numbers its own rendering.Part 8 Planning Instruction and Designing Learning Experiences for all StudentsMotivation and comprehension are primary considerations in planning instruction and public figureing learning experiences. Students for the course are expected to be in their adolescence where the developmental focus tends to be more on the social aspect. Hence, opportunities for social interaction with classmates should be made available in the design of learning experiences.The teacher should avoid reclusive activities that constrict socialization because that would push reinforce the idea that a math subject is generally disinteresting. at that place should be fun, kinesthetic activities provided every now and then in order to encourage student engagement and participation. Integration of popular culture in planning instruction should overly be considered as this makes students feel that the subject is very much related to their daily lives. While there are a variety of teaching strategies available for every lesson, it is very important that the teacher is able to select the appropriate strategy for the appropriate lessons. For teaching mixture word problems, action projects can serve as a very effective strategy. Teachers can provide students with harmless, multicolored liquids that they can form into mixtures. The teacher can them present a problem without presenting the algebraic technique to solve it and them ask the students to solve the problem using t heir mixtures. This strategy will allow the students to visualize the problem and appreciate the algebraic solution better.Another strategy which is most suitable for teaching about the number line is an action game. In this particular game, a long line with numbers from +10 to -10 is placed on the floor. A student is asked to stand on a particular number ( affirm -5). Then, the teacher asks a question starting line with that number (say -5 + 3) and the student jumps to the resulting answer on the number line.Another student gets called afterwards to do the same thing and the previous student takes a seat and gets a scene to ask the question instead of the teacher. The rhythm method continues until everyone has had a turn. Lastly, abstracting is still one of the best methods to teach several concepts in algebra. Abstracting involves starting from actual examples and then building up to a definition of the concept that can encompass all possible examples.Part 10 Creating and Main taining Effective Learning Environments (1 Page)The appropriate setup of the actual classroom surroundings is important in making sure that learning can be facilitated efficiently, effectively, and safely. Visuals are very important in an algebra class. Therefore, there should be sufficient lighting in the classroom. Insufficient lighting may lead students to be disinterested because they cannot see lessons presented on the board clearly or it may damage their eyesight if they concentrated despite the difficulty. Since students can be easily distracted, it is best if the classroom is a closed environment with all windows shaded so that student attention can be better contained.LCD projectors are not necessary for daily instruction and should only be used when presenting audio-visual clips that may be of some important connection to the lesson. Actual content should be given verbally with support from writing on the board. Student textbooks and other required materials should be wi th them on their seats before the start of the class to avoid any unnecessary, time-consuming periods of getting them during the lesson. Student force field is a primary concern but disciplinary policies should not be very strict. It is understandable that some discussion may occur during the lesson and so long as these are kept brief and at a minimal volume, the teacher should not take offense.A routine of respondent drills after every part of the lesson should be inculcated in the students. Drills let students practice learned concepts so that they will be used to answering them by the time summative tests are given. Everyone should be given a chance to participate. A random system for calling on students can be established by using name cards submitted by students. In theory, the random system should give everyone a chance to participate over time although the teacher should include provisions on how to call those who have not yet been called after a certain period. These cards ay also be used to keep records of student evaluations from graded recitations.Part 12 Developing as a Professional Educator (1 Page)Interaction with parents is essential to student development. After administering diagnostic examinations, I make it a agitate to contact the parents of students who were not able to perform adequately enough to say that they are prepared fro the class. This is done so that the parents can take appropriate action and give their child more attention. Upon parents request, I provide regular updates for them on their children through email. This is to ensure that they are being kept up-to-date with their childs performance. During summer breaks, I would ilk to help organize community projects such as tutorials for incoming freshmen to get them ready for what to expect in high school. I intend to set about overlordly by pursuing a post-graduate degree and formally move into my research interests. I realize also that joining and being active in prof essional organizations is also a great avenue for professional development and academic research. I would like to be able to behavior researches on student difficulties in learning specific lessons in algebra. In my experience, I have noticed that a majority of students have difficulty with regard to the trial and error nature of reckon.I have try to remedy this problem by presenting a more grounded method to factoring algebraic expressions and found that it is effective in my classroom. I would like to stomach research that can formally determine whether or not this method is more effective than the traditional methods currently available. I hope to be able to establish that this method is indeed more effective and suggest its adaptation to the current school system. I believe that an accomplished educator is one who does not only teach well but also broadens the scope of knowledge in the field he or she is teaching through relevant research.ReferencesRowan, K. (2007). Instruc tional Strategies. Retrieved May 21, 2008 from http//glossary.plasmalink.com/glossary.html