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cardinal Years WarThe thirty Years War was a series of wars fought in the Holy Roman empire, involving most of the countries within, the war lasted 30 years. This war massively affected europe and created a cultural divide between catholics and protestants. Philip trio of Spain attempted to continue the foreign policy views of his father, Philip II, which basically meant that Spain had to be unplowed ready for war. Thus in 1618, when Ferdinand II, heir apparent to the throne of Bohemia, began to lather certain religious privileges enjoyed by his subjects there, they immediately appealed for aid to the Protestants in the lodge in of the empire and to the leading foreign Protestant states Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Denmark (Trueman). blush though the war between the German Catholics and German Protestants were all in the Holy Roman Empire were both Christian it slowly lot was more of a fight over the balance of power.There were two sides in the Thirty Years War the P rotestant League and the Catholic League. The Protestant League consisted of Frederick of Bohemia who was the leader of the Protestant princes, Denmark led by magnate Christian IV, Sweden led by king Gustavus Adolphus, and the Netherlands led by the home base of orange all financially supported by king of France Louis XIII. The Catholic League consisted of the leader Duke Maximillian of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire Led by Emperor Ferdinand II, and king of Spain Philip IV (Billiet). There were five major phases of the Thirty Years War the Bohemian Revolt, Palatinate phase, Danish discussion, Swedish intervention, and the French intervention (Thomas).In the Bohemian phase a group of Bohemian Protestants captured the governors of prague and threw them break through of the palace w... ...ing both flanks the remaining infantry moved to attack the Tercio of Naples (the better unit in the Spanish army). The German infantry failed horrendously, and the Spanish veterans held their objec t due to some help from the musketeers in the woods. The spanish managed to wound Brunswick and covey his army off the field. The Protestants lost 3,000, 500 were wounded, and 1,500 captured. The spanish couldnt run through asked for a better fight. The Spanish suffered 300 dead and 900 wounded. The following twenty-four hours the Spanish cavalry obliterated the remaining Protestant infantry as they marched. Of the 24,000 men that left the Palatine that day only 3,000 Protestant cavalry managed to reach the next town (Thomas). As shown many times in historical past battles like the persians vs. the greeks numbers dont discipline its the strategy and will of the people to protect their way of life.

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How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior Essay

hearty media has increasingly become a perpetual in our lives. Many great deal r to each virtuoso away to wizs or family by dint of sociable media, sometimes on a daily basis. Through Facebook, mass bear view run acrosss and read position updates. peep al aneows separates to read status updates that are limited to 140 char operateers. Each of these restoreionate media in like mannerls has its advantages and disadvantages but each opens up the doors to creating an online federation with differents that may non be possible offline.George Herbert Meads possible action of emblematic moveionism states that our actions with individuals and communities shape our identities and regulate our actions. Is it possible that his possibility could exercise to the ways in which a some peerlesss neighborly media federation of interests influences his or her corrupt decisions? This paper en place seek to find the answer. The following thesis pull up stakes include an analysis of Meads system of emblematical interactionism, a literary carrefourions review around communities in operateer media, the method employ to request selective information, an analysis of the data, and implications from the psychoanalyze.Importance of the StudyAs a professional marketer, I cave in ever so been fascinated with kind media. At the truly perfume of gay nature is a desire to be accessible. complaisant media has provided humanness an let outlet to make water online communities making it easier to network with others, which satisfies some of our deepest brotherly wants and of necessity. Addition eithery, cordial media has solelyowed drug employrs to increase the amount of masses included in their somebodyal communities, as cordial media is twain viral, which is to say that information travels rapidly between affable media expendrs, and transparent. companionable media thunder mug be considered transparent as consumptionrs of places such(prenominal) as Facebook and cheep post their thoughts, learns, and locations to their pursuit, which much consist of good deal who are non close friends or family. neighborly media tools chip in become superb impart for marketers to communicate consumers. The article titled, Expand your Brand Community Online states that social media is separate for marketers beca subroutine it all(prenominal)ows them to dialogue directly with consumers, which in turn engages consumers directly with gild shuffles (Hanlon, Patrick, Hawkins, & vitamin A Josh, 2008). Many companies, such as Audi and Dunkin Donuts get hold of use social media very effectively to do consumers. According to Wasserman (2011), out of all other rats on Facebook, Audis fans are the about engaged of all major corporal brands on Facebook.That consumers can piss out to companies and their personal communities via social media has earnd a power shift between companies and consumers. Lee (2010) contends that social media has become imwork forcesely popular for normal mountain because it allows any sensation to interact with content or retort it (p. 112). This model of communication is vastly superior to the traditional format of virtuoso-way communication between major media and its intended audience (Lee, p. 112).A company that uses social media is to a greater extent(prenominal) probable to make relationships with members of its target demographic sort of than traditional media where conversations between the medium and the audience are un believably. Now, social media outlets such as Facebook and twitter set about make it easy for consumers to post product reviews and reach out to other athe likes of(p)- masterminded individuals in their communities. As social media infiltrates our lives as consumers, to begin with people make leveragings, they are increasingly hit out to their social media communities for opinions (Drell, 2011).GoalConsumers often want others opinio ns to the postgraduateest degree items in the beginning they make a commit ment to get. For ex angstromle, they may ask slightly the blazon of a shirt, or if they should obtain a large or grim purse. affable media communities provide an outlet for consumers to seek opinions, but how often and at what point in the acquire act do consumers reach out to their online communities for advice?Do the opinions provided by social media communities actually repair consumers purchases? These are among the key questions I go away seek to answer in this thesis, including the oerarching question of whether social media communities relate consumers purchase air. An exploration of Meads concept of the ego reveals how it can assistant a company realize its brand personal identity and mark the egotism portrayed on Facebook remains consistent with its understanding, and the publics understanding of the brand. In Meads scheme of emblematic interaction he suggested we create our self by figuratively peering finished with(predicate) a feel glass to see ourselves as others do, which leads to the creation of an identity (Griffin, 2009, p. 63).As we interact with others, the self is constantly changing and adapting to save shape our identities, which, Mead contends, are in the long run found on how others view our self (Griffin, p. 63). Meads concept of the self is an apt metaphor for the process in which a Facebook profile is created and amend through communicative engagement with consumers in a digital marketplace. using Meads theory of symbolic interactionism, this thesis depart attempt to pose how social media communities affect consumers online get behavior.To religious service answer the question of how peoples social media communities affect their online purchases, I give use some research methods to cope with data applicable to my thesis topic. For the upliftion of literary sources, I bequeath use two primary sources. scratch is the online databases offered through the Foley Center Library at Gonzaga. There, I give discover and collect academic peer-reviewed journal articles active the history of social media, the psychology stub the creation of personal communities and how people interact with them, and current trends in consumer purchase behavior. Another resource I will use is the online magazine advertisement Age, a primary resource for marketing professionals that includes articles about trends in digital marketing.From Advertising Age, I will search for articles about stark naked technologies that help consumers more than efficiently reach out to their social network communities. ProQuest will be my main publications database source as it block ups a large-minded variety of academic journals suited for a thesis. Advertising Age will be a complementary source slice the databases Business consultation Complete and Communication & international angstrom unitere Mass Media Complete will likely se rve as complementary sources.I will employ see research to help collect data. I will create a stare instrument with a list of questions that pertain to people social media communities and how these communities affect their purchases. The watch over will include a Likert-like scale of 1-3, and will allow for collection of data loveing peoples rankings of the influence their social media communities have over their purchases. Additionally, the keep up will include situational questions, i.e., If you were to acquire a large purchase, would opinions from your Facebook friends impact your purchase? Lastly, the survey also will forgather information that could have an impact on the thesis question, including respondents age, other demographic data, and item amounts purchased online vs. offline. Organization of Remaining ChaptersThe following thesis will be organized into the following chapters. The second chapter will be the literature review. This chapter will cover Meads theory o f symbolic interactionism and its relation to the creation of online communities. The literature review will also review the theory of hyper-symbolic interactionism as healthy as the bene trains to online communities, how social media has transformed the power dynamic between companies and consumers, the differences in millennials and non-millennials use of the Internet, and gender differences in relation to Facebook.The third chapter of this thesis will introduce the scope and the methodology utilize to gather data. The scope of the witness will be limited to people who live in Hesperian Washington, use social media, and purchase products online. The methodology will be a Likert-like survey distributed through the survey tool Surveymonkey.com. The fourth chapter will give way the data ga at that placed from the survey. Lastly, the fifth chapter will conclude the thesis. It will contain method limitations as well as future studies that should be considered.How Social Media Comm unities Impact Consumer Behavior, 10REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREIntroduction typic interactionism theory was created by Mead to tell how earth form their identity and construct a reality of social norms through interactions with others. Although human interaction methods have changed over time, most recently with the digital age, Meads theory remains relevant in todays terra firma. Applying the theory of symbolic interactionism to online networks, it can be hypothesized that online communities shape individuals identity and reality, and provide a vast network with which to create relationships. This literature review will further look Meads theory of symbolic interactionism and its application to online communities within social networks. It will also explore how social network users create relationships that can influence their online acquire decisions.Overview of Symbolic Interactionism possibilityThe theory of symbolic interactionism includes three core principles that describe how humans interact with each other through meaning, language, and thought to create our self (Griffin, 2009, p. 60). Mead thinkd that interactions are central to the development of ones social identity and functioning according to shared norms and set (Tormey, 2007). Meaning is found in how a person constructs a social reality (Griffin, p. 60). The way one interacts with others, verbally or nonverbally, derives from the meaning one delegates to various interactions (Griffin, p. 60) For ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele, a person may see a protestor on the street picketing very loudly. This person may view the protestor as obnoxious and intrusive, whereas other person may view this person as progressive and inspirational. Each of these people has assign a meaning to the protestor, which in return constructs a reality.The protestors square meaning, however, cannot be concretely defined, for each person will assign a different meaning to the protestor and interact ground on th e meaning he or she has constructed. The meanings one assigns to another is created through the use of language (Griffin, 2009, p. 60). When the first off person sees the protestor, he or she uses language to assign a authorized meaning to the protestor. Calling the protestor obnoxious assigns a negative meaning to the protestor through language.To Mead, naming is the basis for human society (Griffin, p. 61). Lastly, thought occurs when we refer to our cozy dialogue to interpret symbols and their meaning (Griffin, p. 62). According to Mead, a person pauperizations language to create this inner dialogue (Griffin, p. 62). Without symbolically interacting, one cannot deem and create this inner dialogue, which in turn allows a person to assign meaning to others (Griffin, p. 62). When the three principles of meaning, language, and thought occur, the estimate of a self begins to bug out (Griffin, p. 63). Mead believed we had to look outwardly to truly understand our inner selves (G riffin, 2009, p. 63).This occurred when the concept of the facial expression glass self was utilise (Griffin, p. 63). When the looking glass self is applied, people construct their identity found on how others view them (Griffin, p. 63). Ones self is created through interactions with others involving theuse of language (Griffin, p. 63). Thus with each new interaction, a persons self can change, which is how we evolve and create our identities. When we interact on a one-to-one basis with another we create a self based on how another views us, but when people interact within an entire community, their self is created based on the expectations and responses of the community (Griffin, p. 65).When interacting with a community, a person creates a generalised other based on what expectations and responses the community is discriminated to have, Mead noted (Griffin, 2009, p. 65). This conclude other is our acquire to behavior when interacting with community members (Griffin, p. 65). It helps a person assign meaning to actions, and to act based on the meaning one wants to assume within the community (Griffin, p. 65). As interactions become more frequent within communities, norms and boundaries are created (Lynch & group A McConatha, 2006, p. 89).To Mead, a community consists of, individual actors who make their own choices. Yet they ordinate their actions with what others are doing to form healthcare systems, legal systems, and economic systems (Griffin, p. 65). Although Mead formed this theory long to begin with the Internet was created, it also applies to online social network interactions. victimisation Meads concept of the lookingglass, one can see how a Facebook page is actually a creation of our self.Symbolic interactionism theory plays an important constituent in the creation of Facebook profiles and how individuals identify themselves through engaging in online communication. When Facebook users fetch whats on their mind or update their status, they are pass a representation of the self, which is based on their social interactions with others (Ellis, 2010, p. 39).According to Ellis, there is a three-step process in which a Facebook profile reflects ones identity in light of Meads theory of symbolic interactionism (p. 39). First, a Facebook user, through actions, allows other Facebook users to become aware of his or her intentions. These intentions are make clear in a persons Facebook profile picture and profile name (Ellis, p. 39). Secondly, communication occurs, as the profile picture becomes the users self. This image is what they would like others to perceive to be their identity (Ellis, p. 39). For example, if aHow Socil Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 13veterinarian laboratory chose a picture of a smiling veterinarian and a g elderen dog, this lab is portraying to the world via Facebook that the company is not only a veterinarian laboratory with happy veterinarians, but one that caters to dogs, and in return, the dogs will be happy. Lastly, in the three-step process the profile picture means something to Facebook users who use it to decide what their identity will be (Ellis, p. 39). The user has created a self through this profile picture as it brings about an identity utilizing the symbolic act of communication (Ellis, p. 39).Hyper-symbolic Interactionism TheoryHyper-symbolic interactionism is a revised theory of symbolic interactionism for online networks (Lynch & McConatha, 2006). Theorists like Mead who employ symbolic interactionism to describe socially constructed worlds did so forwardhand the invention of the Internet. The perfect application of symbolic interactionism theory needs to adapt and evolve to fit todays digital society (Lynch & McConatha, p. 88). Additionally, advancements in sciences await symbolic interactionism theory to be re-analyzed (Lynch and McConatha, p. 88). Advancements in such subjects as neuroscience and psychology have allowed us to learn more about the human mind than Mead knew when he created symbolic interactionism theory (p. 88).The generalized other, as Mead explained, forms when one creates his or her self based on a communitys expectations and responses (Griffin, 2009, p. 65). Thus, the self one creates is constantly changing and evolving based on interactions with others (Griffin, p. 65). One can assume that the creation of online communities, which use different means of interaction, allows ones self to evolve even more than Mead ever thought one could (Lynch & McConatha, 2006, p. 89). Lynch and McConatha propose that the creation of a generalized other tranquillise exists, but exists other than online vs. offline (p. 89). While the generalized other still helps one form a self, the generalized other in the digital space is different than the one Mead set forth (Lynch and McConatha, p. 89).Lynch and McContha (2006) claim that the generalized other humans perceive today is different than Meads because of te chnology (p. 90). Due to the decrease in varying methods of human interaction, such as phone calls and verbal communication, and an increase in similar digital interactions, we are creating our self based on a different generalized other than Mead described (Lynch & McConatha, p. 90). The generalized other that impacts ones self in the digital age is based more on consumerism than the generalized other described in the classic theory of symbolic interactionism (Lynch &McConatha, 2006, p. 90).Hyper-symbolic interaction is Lynch and McConathas (2006) solution to the immediacy of the Internet (p. 91). Hyper-symbolic interaction theory explains the creation of a new fibre of reality based on symbols found digitally.The theory comprises the smallest symbols such as the ls and Os of computer language and the tiny pixels of digital imagery, as well as the complex contemporary imagery of advertisements and commercials produced daily (Lynch & McConatha, p. 91). The bigger symbols a nd imagery that these details create lead to new care fors and norms different than other nondigital communities (Lynch & McConatha, p. 91).This digital community is filled with marketers and advertisers, which in turn affect the reality humans construct, including the norms and values we abide by, as well as the meaning we give to symbols. We socialize very differently in digital reality than we do in real musical note (Lynch & McConatha, p. 91). Additionally, the increase in digital advertising causes us to perceive marketers and ads as reality (Lynch & McConatha, p. 92). Neuromarketing is a new term to describe marketing that has emerged from this shift in reality.Neuromarketing involves the matter of how consumers react to marketing messages and is based on the idea that we have three brains, the new brain, the middle brain, and the old brain (Lynch & McConatha, 2006, p. 93). There are claims that neuromarketing actually drives consumers to purchase more products through a process of discovering consumers needs and then integrating them within their reality (Lynch & McConatha, p. 94). Neuromarketing also taps into what is believed to be a humans old brain, the decision-maker that makes choices based on what will help one survive (Lynch & McConatha, p. 94).A humans reaction to the decisions made by the old brain creates a constructed reality of what we essentially need and should react to (Lynch & McConatha, p. 94). Recently, Delta Airlines utilise neuroscience marketing to create a reckon airline called song. The word song had no meaning to the airlines, but they used neuroscience marketing to discover the word song produces a pleasant feeling for consumers (Lynch & McConatha, p. 94). Delta Airlines is tapping into meaning consumers associate with symbols. Do consumers realize this or is it so engrained within our newly digitally created realities?Social Network CommunitiesThe article Consumer behaviour in Social Networking S ites Implications for Marketers(2011) identifies how humans use social media and how marketers should approach users of social media (Diffley, Kearns, Bennett, & Kawalek, p. 47). Its authors assert there are two methods marketers can use to reach consumers via social media pushTHE STUDYIntroductionFor a week, I collected survey results through Surveymonkey.com. After asking co-workers in Seattle, people on Facebook and chirrup, and others in the Gonzaga community to take the survey, I amassed 154 responses. The survey responses came from occidental Washington residents who use social media, and purchase items online. Survey questions asked were specific to Facebook and/or peep to gain more insight into how the two social media tools affect consumer behavior online (Appendix A). Data AnalysisOf the 154 total individuals who answered the survey, the bulk of people were 30-39 days of age (34%), 64% were female, 57% used both Facebook and chirp, 55% used Facebook daily and 53% n eer used chirp. The majority of individuals had 200299 Facebook friends (24%) and 52% of individuals had met all of their Facebook friends. In comparison, 40% had 1-99 twitter followers and 40% had never met their followers in person. From these data it can bededuced that those who use Facebook typically friend others (meaning they are added as friends in their Facebook profiles) they also know offline while those who use Twitter tend to follow or be followed by strangers.Of all Facebook and Twitter respondents, 60% responded they purchase items online and offline at the similar rate. These respondents noted they typically purchased clothing and accessories online (70%). Additionally, 68% of respondents bought travel accommodations online, 50% bought housewares, 32% buy electronics, and 10% buy insurance online. When asked if they would be more likely to listen to a strangers online review over that of a friend, 65% state they would be somewhat more likely while 30% say they wou ld not be likely.To determine whether a persons Facebook or Twitter community impacts their likelihood of online purchases, I asked a series of questions in the survey regarding Facebook and Twitter. From the results of these questions, I was able to gather enough data to hint that Facebook communities have a higher impact on how consumers purchase products online than Twitter users. These results vary slightly from my hypothesis, which posited both social media tools would influence consumer behavior. Fifty-four portionage of Facebook users tell that they sometimes reach out to their Facebook communities before get a product. This is a large shareage of Facebook users who view their Facebook communities as a certain(p) source for product opinions. Overall, How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, based on the survey results, the majority of Facebook users sampled in this study verbalize they are open at times to the influence and opinions of their Facebook comm unities, while Twitter users say their communities rarely influence their purchase decisions. When asked how often they reach out to members in their social media communities for opinions about products before they purchase them, 47% of respondents verbalise they never reach out to Facebook friends before purchasing an item. Ninety percent state that they never reach out to Twitter followers before purchasing an item.Two sets of questions asked in the survey reveal the point in the purchase funnel in which people reach out to others on Facebook or Twitter. Fifty-two percent of individuals never gather opinions from Facebook friends at any point during the purchase funnel. However, 20% reach out to Facebook friends before researching products to buy, 26% while they are study products after the initial research phase, and 2% directly before purchasing a product.How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 30Ninety-two percent of Twitter users never reach out to followers d uring the purchase process. scarcely 2% of Twitter users reach out to followers before researching products to buy, 5% before comparing products after the initial phase and 0% directly before making a purchase.When asked how likely it was that Facebook friends would influence ones online purchases, 48% express that it is not likely, while 51% verbalise that it is sometimes likely. Only 1% express that it is always likely.How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 31Twitter appears to have significantly less of an effect on ones online purchasing behavior as 92% said that Twitter is not likely to affect their purchase decisions. Six percent of Twitter users said that other Twitter followers will sometimes influence their purchase decisions and 1% said that other Twitter followers almost always have an influence.How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 32Fifty-seven percent of Facebook users said that they have afterward purchased an item they heard abo ut on Facebook, while only 17% of Twitter users said the same. The majority of Facebook users (54%) believe that Facebook is sometimes multipurpose when looking for opinions about what products to purchase while 41% said it is not useful. Twitter is even less useful according to respondents as 79% said Twitter was never useful when looking for opinions about what products to purchase and only 19% said it is sometimes useful.When filtering the data to take the difference in millennials (younger than 30 years of age) and non- millennials (30 years of age and older) it appeared that millennials were more open to influence from Facebook communities than non-millennials. The majority of non-millennial respondents used Facebook everyday but never used Twitter. Sixty-four percent of millennials used Facebook every day and 27% also used Twitter on a daily basis. Millennials were more likely than non-millennials to have both a Facebook and Twitter account (61% of millennials have both equ ivalenced to 53% of nonmillennial). Sixty-one percent of non-millennials purchase about the same amount of products online as they do offline and 73% of their purchases are for travel accommodations. In comparison, 57% of millennials purchase about the same amount of products online as they do offline and the majority of their purchases (77%) are for clothing and accessories.Fifty-four percent of non-millennials say that they never reach out to Facebook friends for opinions before they purchase products online, while 51% of millennials said they sometimes reach out to Facebook friends for opinions. A large majority of both millennials and non-millennials said that they never reach out to Twitter followers for How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, opinions before purchasing a product. Millennials were more likely than non-millennials to reach out to Facebook friends before researching products to buy. Additionally, 24% of non-millennials verbalise that they reach ou t to Facebook friends to compare products after the initial research phase, and this was around the same amount for millennials (29%).seventy-eight percent of millennials said they hear about products on Facebook that they later buy 51% of non-millennials said the same. Forty-eight percent of nonmillennials believe that Facebook is not useful when looking for opinions about products to purchase online while only 35% of millennials believed that it is not useful. The majority of millennials (61%) believe that Facebook is sometimes useful when looking for opinions about what products to purchase. both millennials and non- millennials agreed that Twitter is not useful when looking for opinions about what products to purchase.The majority of male and female respondents who took the survey were 30-39 years of age. Sixty percent of males used both Facebook and Twitter while 36% only used Facebook. In comparison, 54% of women used both Facebook and Twitter while 43% used only Facebook. For ty-seven percent of males used Facebook daily while a large percentage (50%) never use Twitter. Women tend to use Facebook and Twitter more often. Sixty-two percent of women use Facebook daily while, like males, a large majority never use Twitter. When asked the question, About how many of your friends on Facebook have you met in person? Forty-four percent of men responded that they knew all of them, whereas 53% of females stated that they knew all of their Facebook friends offline.How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, Sixty-four percent of men said that they typically purchase the same amount of items in store and offline with 65% of purchases being travel accommodations. On the other hand, 59% of women typically purchase the same amount of items in store and offline with 73% of purchases being clothes and accessories. When asked how often they reach out to Facebook friends to provide opinions about products they may purchase online, 57% of men and 51% of women sai d they never do.Fifty percent of men also said that it is sometimes likely their Facebook friends will influence their purchases and 53% said that they often hear about products that they later purchase on Facebook.. Whereas, only 47% of women said that it is sometimes likely their Facebook friends will influence their purchase decisions but 59% said that they hear about products on Facebook that they later purchase. Both genders saw Twitter followers as having only a small influence on their purchase decisions if any at all.Results of the StudyMeads theory of symbolic interactionism states humans are influenced by community members (Griffin, 2009, p. 65). Using Meads idea that communities impact our perception of what is a norm, I hypothesized that social media communities would impact consumer online behavior. My flavour was, that if Mead believed that communities impact our perception of reality and what is normal, then by default social media communities should influence what o ne purchases online. One would purchase based on what the community believes to be the best purchase.The survey results showed that Twitter communities tend to not significantly impact social media users online purchase behavior, but Facebookcommunities typically do and have the potential to become even more of influencers for consumers.How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, Facebook results come along to fall right in line with Meads idea of communities as influencers. While for Twitter, the survey results indicate that Twitter communities behave differently than offline communities and Facebook communities. As the majority of Twitter users stated that their followers are strangers, they may not feel the same type of intimacy and companionship as those who use Facebook feel. This is something Lynch and McConatha (2006) touch on when introducing the theory of hyper-symbolic interactionism. Lynch and McConatha believe that callable to the marketing-based reality con structed on the Internet, we no longer have the same type of community interactions as we do offline (2006). If this is so, then it is plausible that ones Twitter community has less of an influence, peculiarly for those who are avid Twitter users. For marketers, this study can be interpreted in two ways.First, it implies that marketers who concentrate on the sharing of products among social media communities to boost sales should rethink their strategy, especially if they use Twitter more than Facebook. Second, the results of the survey should inspire marketers to find a marketing method that will increase the influence online communities have on other social media users. My study showed that Facebook communities typically influence some users and have the potential to influence even more in the future. Many Facebook users surveyed seemed to value their Facebook friends opinions when it came to purchasing items online, and sometimes these opinions impacted their purchases. Markete rs should use community influence on Facebook users as a way to increase sales and/or brand awareness.Another takeaway for marketers is the difference between Facebook and Twitter. Most of the respondents use Facebook on a daily basis and Twitter was not used nearly asHow Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior,  much, if at all. Out of the two social media platforms, Facebook communities are more of a community than Twitter. More people on Facebook know their Facebook friends offline, while many Twitter users did not know most of their Twitter followers offline. When comparing all of the questions pertaining to Facebook and those pertaining to Twitter, it is apparent that those who use Facebook have more of a relationship with their friends than Twitter users do with their followers. For marketers, this information is secure when deciding what channel would be the best to focus their attention on. Crtrescu (2010) stated that online communities create places for membe rs to share a sense of belonging, have a specific culture, a specific set of norms (netiquette), affective ties that bind them unitedly and a sense of shared history (p. 82).These atoms appear to be wanting in Twitter as most respondents to the survey answered that their Twitter communities were typically comprised of strangers who did not impact their purchasing decisions. Based on Crtrescus definition of an online community, and the lack of survey participants that use Twitter, it is questionable if Twitter constitutes a community, especially one that influences. Rather, it can be identified as a communication tool to reach out and converse with strangers but believably is not able to work out relationships like Facebook does.In my opinion, Facebook feels more like a community than Twitter. Answers from the survey support this notion, as many of the respondents stated that they knew Facebook friends offline, while Twitter followers are comprised mostly of strangers. Based on Meads concept of a community as an influencer, I assume that people would reach out to their Facebook communities to help shape their opinions, more than they would on Twitter. What my survey discovered was a good portion of Facebook users feltHow Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior,like Facebook was a good method of gathering opinions before purchasing a product, as 50% of survey respondents used Facebook communities this way. Respondents seemed to regard Facebook as a community full of influences, which could help shape not only the Facebook users identities, but their purchasing opinions. Greenleigh (2010) found that 84% of millennials turn to online communities before purchasing an item. The survey results from my study found the opposite. On average, 50% of millennials who responded to my survey said that Facebook influenced their purchasing decisions. In particular, when asked how often they turn to Facebook communities before purchasing an item, only 51% of mil lennials said that they sometimes do and 47% said that they never do. Greenleigh also found that millennials were 51% more likely to trust strangers when purchasing products, over family and friends.Again, my study contradicts Greenleighs notion. Sixty-five percent of millennials said that they would sometimes listen to a strangers online review of products over their friends. While 29% said they would not be likely to and a small margin of 6% said they would always listen to a strangers online review. According to Thompson and Lougheed (2012), women are on Facebook more often than men and due to this have increased anxiety. While my study did not measure the amount of anxiety one feels from social media, it did find that women tend to spend more time on Facebook than men much like Thompson and Lougheed stated.Forty-seven percent of males used Facebook daily while 62% of women use Facebook on a daily basis. What is surprising about the results when comparing men and womens Facebook tendencies, is the smaller influence Facebook communities have on women than men. Although women said that they used Facebook more often than men on a daily basis, they How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, were less likely to be influenced by Facebook communities when purchasing a product online than their male counterparts. However, women tend to contradict this statement when they are later asked how often they purchase items after hearing about it on Facebook and 59% say that they sometimes do. In comparison, a smaller percentage of men say the same.How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior,SUMMARIES AND CONCLUSIONSLimitations of the StudyWhile my study produced elicit results, I believe there is room for my improvement within my study that would have produced better results and more genuine data. One such bulge out that I would have changed was my desire to limit the location of participants in the survey. My study focused solely on horse opera Washington individuals with the belief that they would believe an adequate sample size to study. While my sample size provided reliable data and provocative insights, I am curious whether a larger sample size would have impacted the results I received.Would people in Eastern states view Facebook and Twitter differently than people in Western Washington? I think my sample size was drawn too narrowly to make a conclusive statement. A second hassle with my study is due to time constraints. I was only able to gather data using one method. With more time, I would have employ an additional method. Another data source would have provided more insights on how social media communities impact consumer behavior online. While my survey, provided adequate enough data to analyze and make a prediction, a method, such as an in the flesh(predicate) user research study, would have provided additional results to analyze. Further Studies or RecommendationsFor further evaluation of how social media i mpacts consumer behavior online, other studies should be explored. While my thesis only looked at the impact of social media communities on consumer behavior online, another avenue I would have liked to pursue would have been the impact of a companys Facebook page on consumer behaviorHow Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, online. For instance, if an online consumer likes or interacts with the Nordstrom Facebook page, are they then more likely to purchase from Nordstrom online? Additionally, another study that could provide interesting results would be how Facebook advertisements impact consumer behavior online. Many companies purchase these ads hoping that they will entice Facebook users to visit their company page, purchase their product, or recommend the product to others. While data are functional on these advertisements to the companies that purchase them, such as number of clicks on ads, a study could help indicate if they actually influence Facebook users to p erform the wanted action. The data only show numbers, but a study could help identify the psychology behind the numbers and why a person may click on one companys Facebook ad over another.ConclusionsSocial media continues to play a role in many peoples lives. From finding information about friends to perusing a companys Facebook page to gain insight into their products, many of us use social media constantly. While our purposes for using social media may vary, we all have created communities we interact with within our social networks. According to Meads theory of symbolic interactionism, the way we interact with individuals shapes our identity. Thus, it can be thought that how we interact with others on social media also can shape our identity. Mead also described the importance of a communitys influence. My thesis seeks to understand if a social media user valued their social media communities influence when it came to purchasing products online. I hypothesized, based on Meads ra tionale, that if offline communitiesHow Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 41 impact our identities and actions, then social media communities should perform the same way.To obtain this information I distributed a survey to respondents in Western Washington who use Facebook and Twitter as well as purchase items online. When analyzing the results, many interesting insights were noticed. The respondents of the survey interacted more with friends and family on Facebook than they did on Twitter. The majority of Twitter followers one had were strangers. Thus it can be deduced that Facebook is more like an offline community that Mead describes than Twitter. When it came to reply my overall thesis question of whether or not social media impact consumer online behavior the survey showed surprising results. It was found that Twitter had very superficial influence on consumers and more than likely they never reached out to Twitter followers at any point during the purchase process for opinions.Facebook friends, on the other hand, had more of an influence on Facebook users. Around 50% of Facebook users reach out to their Facebook communities before purchasing an item. Thus, results for Facebook align with Meads theory of symbolic interactionism. In conclusion, the survey I distributed found that social media communities in general, do have an influence on what products social media users purchase online, with Twitter having a very minimal amount of influence and Facebook communities having a relatively high level of influence.How Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 42ReferencesBudzanowska-Drzewiecka, M. (2011). Social conditioning of purchasing decisions of 9-11 year-old consumers. diary Of Customer Behaviour, 10(2), 143-160. doi10.1362/147539211X589555Crtrescu, I. (2010). Utility of online communities ways one can benefit from ones online life. Journal Of Comparative investigate In Anthropology & Sociology, 1(2), 79-91. Retrieved fromhttp//web.ebscohost.com.proxy.foley.gonzaga.edu/ehost/detail?vid=54&hid=110 &sid=9a83f789-ffbb-4d09-ad3369f906fba08e%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d db=sih&AN=55558221Dellarocas, C., Gao, G., & Narayan, R. (2010). be consumers more likely to contribute online reviews for hit or niche products?. Journal Of Management Information Systems, 27(2), 127-157. doi10.2753/MIS0742-1222270204 Diffley, S., Kearns, J., Bennett, W., & Kawalek, P. (2011). Consumer behaviour in social networking sites implications for marketers. Irish Journal Of Management, 30(2), 47-65.Drell, L. (October 25, 2011). Social consumers and the science of sharing. Mashable. Retrieved from http//mashable.com/2011/10/25/social-consumersharing-infographic/ Ellis, K. (2010). Be who you want to be The philosophy of Facebook and theHow Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 43 winding of identity. Screen Education, (58), 36-41. Retrieved fromhttp//proxy.foley.gonzaga.edu20 48/login? uniform resource locator=http//search.ebscohost.com/l ogin.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=51533387&site=ehost-liveGarfield, Bob and Levy, Doug. (January 2, 2012). Ignore the human element of marketing at your own peril. AdvertisingAge. Retrieved fromhttp//adage.com/article/news/dawn-relationship-era-marketing/231792/?page=1 Greenleigh, Ian. (January 24, 2012. Talking to strangers. How socialinfluences millennials shopping decisions. Retrieved from http//www.bazaarvoice.com/blog/2012/01/24/infographic-millennials-willchange-the-way-you-sell/ Griffin, Em. (2009). A First Look at Communication Theory. New York, NY McGraw-Hill.Hanlon, P., & Hawkins, J. (2008). Expand you brand community online. Advertising Age, 79(1), 14-15. Retrievedhttp//proxy.foley.gonzaga.edu2048/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=28225980&site=ehost-liveLee, D. (2010). Growing popularity of social media and business strategy. SERI Quarterly, 3(4), 112-1 17.Ligas, M., & Cotte, J. (1999). The process of negotiating brand meaning a symbolic interactionist perspective. Advances in Consumer Research, 26(1), 609-614. Retrieved fromhttp//proxy.foley.gonzaga.edu2048/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=6686384&site=ehost-liveHow Social Media Communities Impact Consumer Behavior, 44Lynch, M. and McConatha, D., (2006). Hyper-symbolic interactionism prelude to a refurbished theory of symbolic interaction or just old wine? Sociological Viewpoints, shrink 2006, Vol. 22, p87-96, 10. Retrieved from http//web.ebscohost.com.proxy.foley.gonzaga.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?si d=9a83f789-ffbb-4d09-ad33-69f906fba08e%40sessionmgr14&vid=44&hid=110 Tormey, P. (2007). The atomic number 90 speeches how coach don james used words and mental images to build a college football powerhouse. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA.Wasserman, T. (2011). Audi has the most engaged f ans on Facebook. Mashable. Retrieved from http//mashable.com/2011/04/22/audis-facebook-bieber/.

Cognitive Linguistic Approach to Language Study

It has its origins in the sass as a conscious reaction to Chomsky linguistics, tit its speech pattern on classalistic syntactical analysis and its rudimentary assumption that style is independent from another(prenominal) forms of cognition. Increasingly, evidence was beginning to show that phraseology is wise(p) and processed much in the same way as other types of Information about the world, and that the same cognitive processes atomic number 18 Involved In language as argon Involved In other forms of thinking.For example, In our everyday lives, we human face at things from deferent angles, we get up contiguous to them or further away and see them from different vantage points and with corticofugal levels of granularity we rate the relative features of our environment and decide which are great and train to be attended to and which are less important and need to be backgrounder we lump information together, perceive and create patterns in our environment, and look fo r these patterns in new environments when we encounter them.As we will see in this volume, entirely of these processes are at work in language too. The two tell figures who are associated with the inception of cognitive Linguistics are George Alaska and Ronald Linebacker. Both, t should be remembered, started their careers as members of a group of young scholars associated with the stand new climb up spearheaded by NOAA Chomsky. By the sass, however, both Alaska and Linebacker were becoming increasingly alien with the formalistic approach to syntax associated with the Chomsky school.Both scholars turned their attention, Instead, to semantic Issues, which had been relatively unheeded within the Chomsky framework. Alaska raised fundamental questions with regard to objectivism SE antics that is, theories which maintained that entente cordiale meaning maps onto objectively verifiable states of affairs in the world. He argued, instead, that semantic content is mediated by how spea kers construe and conceptualize the world. An important reflexion of construal is how we categorize the things in our environment.Taking up the notion of prototype category substantial by cognitive psychologist Eleanor Roach, Alaska argued that words do not name classically defined categories, that Is, categories constituted by a set of necessary and adapted conditions. Rather, entitles can be close, or less good, members of a category. In a crucial and highly influential move, Alaska then proposed that the a syntactic construction, talent also be analyses in terms of a central, prototypical member, and a number of extended, or much than peripheral senses.A noteworthy milest integrity here(predicate) is the dissertation by one of Alaska s students, Claudia Bergman, on the polymers of the preposition (Bergman, 1981). Bergman argued that t he central, prototypical sense combines the meanings of above and across, as in The bird flew over the yard . encompassing senses, relat ed in virtue of some common shared features, complicate the above sense , as in the electric is hovering over the agglomerate, the across sense, as in Sam drove over the bridge , the covering sense She spread the tablecloth over the table, the dispersal sense, as in The guards were posted all over the hill , and several more.Bargemans thesis (presented in Alaska 1987 Case Study 2) not hardly inspired a plethora of -studies, it also provided a template for polymers studies more generally. La Coffs second main contribution was to id entity a number of conceptual metaphors that underlie our abstract concepts and the way we think about the world and ourselves (Alaska and Johnson 1980, 1999).For example, one of the most important conceptual metaphors is the idea that good or active things are up whereas bad or static things are down, which allows us to say that were olfactory modalitying IoW or having down time, that things are or that that they are up and going . This metaphor was t aken to contemplate our underlying experience with the world that we have as children when we fall over we feel bad when we lie down we are stationary, when we get up we are active, and when we are feeling good, we literally stand tall.As discussed in a afterwards chapter, conceptual metaphor theory has come in for a good agree of criticism in recent years and the theory has been thin to take account of empirical psycholinguistic findings as well as more socio-cultural approaches to language, but the basic tenets remain the same language tends to reflect our physical interactions with the world and abstract concepts are linked to physical experiences finished metaphor. Linebackers contribution is perhaps more fundamental than Lassoes .His Cognitive Grammar (Linebacker 1987, 1991, 2008) offers a radical re-think of basic issues concerning the nature of linguistic meaning and its relation to the surface form of utterances. He proposed a minimalist approach, whereby the only eleme nts in linguistic description are (a) phonological representations, concerning the overt form of an thoughtfulness (whether spoken, written, or signed), (b) semantic representations, roughly, meanings, more often than not understood to include matter-of-fact, situational, and encyclopedic aspects, and (c) symbolic relations between elements of (a) and elements of (b).On this basis, a language comes to be characterized, quite simply, as an inventory of phonological, semantic, and symbolic units, and language acquisition is a matter of a speakers increasing command of these units. Importantly, the units differ along a number of dimensions. Thus some units are internally conf employ, while others are schematic to some degree or other.For example, the expression can-opener is internally complex, while the component unit can is an instance of the more schematic unit Noun, the whole expression being an instance of the complex schematic unit N V- ere and its associated semantics (rough ly a device that can be used for V- ins Ins). The schematic unit can sanction an open-ended set of instantiations in this way, Cognitive Grammar is bled to handle syntactic and morphological generalizations.It should also be notable that the unit has other semantic values (think of examples such as dog-lover , which denotes a person, not a thing, and , where the initial noun designates the place where a person dwells) in other words, the unit is polygamous, Just manage the words of a language. The mechanics of Cognitive Grammar are discussed in more detail elsewhere in this volume. Three aspects, however, may be singled out for special mention here The first concerns the way in which grammaticality (or acceptability- cognitive insists see little sympathy to distinguish the two concepts) is to be understood.Grammaticality, namely, has to do with the extent to which an expression is sanctioned, or legitimated, by an already existing schematic unit, or possibly by several such uni ts, in the language the fit, needless to say, need not be perfect, neither will different speakers of the language always assess the matter in the same way. * The second observation concerns the idea that syntactic organization is inherently symbolic and therefore meaningful, and that syntactic structures Just like individual words ND morphemes associate a form and meaning.An proterozoic indicative study concerned the passive construction in face (Linebacker, 1982). Rather than being seen as the result of syntactic transformations, the construction and its different components, such as the verb be the verbal participle, and the by phrase, were argued to have semantic content, which contribute cumulatively to the semantic and pragmatic value of the passive construction. Thirdly, the Cognitive Grammar approach is sympathetic to the notion that linguistic companionship, rather than residing in a small number of very road, high-level abstractions, may actually be rather low-level a nd surface oriented, consisting in multiple memories of already encountered utilization and relatively shallow generalizations over these remembered instances.In practical terms, this means that linguistic knowledge will tend to be centered on individual lexical items and their idiosyncratic properties, concerning the syntactic environments in which they occur and their stylistic or pragmatic values. Similarly, the representation of syntactic and word-formation constructions will incorporate knowledge of the lexical items which typically occur in hem, in addition, once again, to information about the kinds of situations in which they are likely to be used.Although it represents a radical departure in some ways from many established ideas in linguistics (such as the formerly widely held view that syntax, semantics and pragmatics were largely independent of one another), the principles underlying Cognitive Linguistics resonated with many traditional concerns one thinks of classics su ch as Gustavo Steers Meaning and Change of Meaning (1931), C. S. Lewdest Studies in Words (1960), and various deeds by Stephan Almsman (e. G. , Almsman, 1964)

Trap Ease America.

Trap-Ease the States 1. Martha and the investors in Trap-Ease seem to face a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. What information do they motive to evaluate this opportunity? What do you think the investor group would write as its mission statement? The information that is needed for Martha and her investors to evaluate their opportunity is linguistic context attainable objectives and goals for their crop. Their Mission statement would probably be To help you visualize your pest problem with ease. 2. Who is identified as Trap-Eases conduct mart?Are there former(a) possible market segments that the firm could target? Trap-Eases target market is geared toward women, because they are the ones that are folk with the kids and are a safer alternative when it comes to kids and mouse traps. There are other Targets, such as farmers. 3. How is the product positioned relative to the selected target market in the case? Are there other ways to position the product? The placement of the Produ ct in various Stores such as KMart, grocery stores, and the drug stores are great, because women are most often in those places doing shop for household items.They could have created some kind of infomercial to get TV viewers attention. 4. What marketing mix has Trap-Ease established? Do you see all problems with this mix? Trap-Ease and an integrated marketing mix, they had a good Product, at a reasonable Price, they were available at different Places, and the Promotion was through the promotion it had gotten. 5. Who is Trap-Eases competition? Trap-Eases competition is Producers of the traditional spring-loaded traps.

Effects of the Internet Essay

Bagozzis alter paradigm has emerged as a framework for conceptualising marketing behaviour. (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 32). This conjecture identifies the partitionies involved in e very exercise, and the intangible asset and tangible entities argon rallyd. By locateing the proles/parties, this theory acts as a valuable managerial tool, by helping to think what is be replacementd, and with whom. This theory has helped to see beyond the tangible products being exchanged, except to consider the intangible aspects of the transaction and entirely entities. The weakness of this being that it is ticklish to identify entirely intangible entities within the transaction.The theory also states the exchange is reciprocal and reciprocally beneficial (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 32), i. e. that the entities being exchanged are perceived to be of fair to middling value. Furthermore, Bagozzi (1974) observed that mixed exchanges could allow both everyplacet and c open(a) coordination. Bagozzi de termine three different types of exchange restricted, verbalise and composite. Restricted exchange refers to two party reciprocal relationships, where both parties give and live from the other party, (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 32). speak exchange includes at least three actors, who benefit indirectly, i.e. gives to one actor and receives from a nonher. Complex exchange is a system of mutual relationships between at least three parties, and is a web or interconnecting restricted and generalised exchanges (Bagozzi 1975 pp. 33). Bagozzis theory gave a theoretical framework that could be utilise to all situations to help identify the key actors within the exchange. A harm of Bagozzis theory being that, identifying the actors and what is being exchanged was always difficult, as this would be difficult for each transaction, and may be unforeseen.With each transaction apart from the overt exchange between the consumer and the merchandiser, there are a number of intangible entities being e xchanged, as people buy things non only for what they tolerate do, but also for what they mean (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 36). The difficulty of identifying all parties and entities was made even more difficult after the advent of the net income. The egression of the Internet platform a phenomenon, and there is a correspondence with vocation on this platform (Swaminathan, Lepkowska-White & Rao, 1999 pp. 1-2).In 1999 it was estimated that the online shopping would grow from $11 billion to $41 billion in 2002 (National Retail Federation, 1999). Online Christmas shopping exceed all IMRGs expectations when $15 billion (i?? 7. 66 billion) was spent by British consumers alone in the ten week run up to Christmas, marking a 54% increase more than the i?? 5 billion spent over the aforesaid(prenominal) period in 2005 (IMRG, 2006). As this is such a growing method of commerce and is a monumental percentage of all transactions, it is important to assess Bagozzis theory of the exchange when a pplied to Internet transactions.The Internet was a portal to a orbiculate market, where firms could sell to customers anywhere in the world. Firms could operate entirely online with no cost from premises. This saving could be passed on the customer, as online prices are often less(prenominal) expensive than offline/in-store competitors. Customers also benefited from online shopping as it is more convenient and squeeze out buy a wider concatenation of products from around the world. When anyone uses the Internet, information on their activities is gathered, which can be used by firms to target consumers for their products.Personalisation is the ability to satisfy particularized needs of individual customers, and has tralatitiously been employed as a marketing strategy for luxury goods and niche markets, ascribable to the high costs (Mattila, 1999 pp. 40-46). Personalisation depends on the k nowledge on the individual, and the ability to satisfy their needs. The Internet has mad e personalisation a cheaper option, and this strategy can be used for a wider range of products. Firms now have to compete globally with other firms on the Internet, so personalisation has frame a competitive necessity (Chellappa & Sin, 2002).Personalisation allows a firm to identify individual consumer needs and inform them of products that will satisfy them. Historically this would be the role of a salesperson to a customer in a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 32). Bagozzis theory applied well to the face to face transactions of the 70s, however exchanges over the Internet are very different from the in-store transactions that Bagozzis theory of exchange applied to, and allege many challenges. Transactions over the Internet have more parties than traditional exchanges, as in order to approach shot the Internet a drug user must use an Internet service supplier.The Internet service provider gives access to the Internet, however it also logs the websites that the user has viewed. So here this could be seen as a middle man, who receives information on the websites visited as well as a premium, and in return allows access to the Internet. This is part of all Internet exchanges, and so it needs to be identified as a party, as the information that they receive is used to target products and services. strain 1 Note Adapted and altered from Bagozzi Marketing as change over (1975)This is a very basic diagram of a transaction over the Internet, and as you can see it involves more parties than an offline transaction, making it more difficult to apply Bagozzis theory. Identifying all parties involved in a adept transaction is very difficult, as there are more entities being exchanged with more parties. This diagram shows a complex exchange (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 33). Nonetheless, the exchange is quite straightforward, as a consumer pays the merchant and expects the product/service. Due to the blank space the product must be delivered involving another par ty, which threads the exchange a complex one (Bagozzi, 1975 pp.33).With any exchange over the Internet, information will be given to the ISP, and if there are tangible entities then a livery service must also be a part of the exchange. This would make every exchange over the Internet a complex one, (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 33), which makes the authorized types of exchange redundant, as they will all be complex. For this reason, I ascertain that Bagozzis theory of the exchange types must be updated to not include the ISP or delivery service, or to view the delivery service and merchant as a single entity. Historically a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975 pp.32), could take place between a customer and a salesperson. over the Internet more parties are involved in a transaction, so it is difficult to distinguish between the traditional complex exchanges. Bagozzis theory must take delivery into account when distinguishing the exchange types. The Internet is the same market is fundamentall y the same market, however advances have bridges geographic gaps and have joined the individual markets. For this reason, Bagozzis theory can electrostatic be applied when considering what is being exchanged between key parties, and what other parties are involved in the exchange.Nonetheless, Bagozzis theory has always had its flaws. The briny disadvantage was it was difficult to apply to the diverse range of exchanges that take place. The Internet has made it possible to trade almost product to anyone we can access the internet, and because of this there are now more diverse transactions. For example buy a house abroad can now be do over the internet, but involves a large number of parties and is an interconnecting web of relationships (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 33).With big exchanges such as this, it is very difficult to identify all entities and parties within, and complex exchanges such as this are taking places more and more due to the internet. There has always been a difficulty i n identifying parties and entities within an exchange, and if this cannot be done then any judgements made will be incorrect. Bagozzis theory is valuable as a managerial tool as I promotes thinking near the exchange, however with exchanges involving more and more parties, not only is Bagozzis theory going to take longer, but is apt(p) to have more mistakes making it worthless.For small exchanges or exchanges were the parties and entities within are clear, I feel Bagozzis theory is assuage very important, but I feel it is not easily applied to the diverse range of exchanges brought about by the internet. The Internet was an unforeseen phenomenon that has influenced the exchange (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 39). The theory still fits the exchange process, as it hasnt changed dramatically, however there are third gear parties that must be identified, such as the ISP, delivery firms, and other parties that receive information.Delivery is part of the exchange process, however this is part of t he service offered by the merchant. If these were identified, it would be possible to differentiate the types of exchange as being restricted, generalised or complex. If this were done, then Figure 1 would be identified as a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975 pp. 32). Within the exchange there is overt and covert coordination (Bagozzi, 1974 pp. 77-81), and think that majority of the third parties that collect information about the consumers website habits is collected covertly, however it is still part of the process.For example, the ISPs appealingness of viewed websites is used for marketing purposes. Although it is not a party to the exchange, it should be recognize as a third party.References Bagozzi, R P (1974) Marketing as an Organized Behavioural System of Exchange. Journal of Marketing, 38 (October), 77-81. Bagozzi R. P. (1975) Marketing as Exchange, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39, p32-39. Chellappa, R K and Sin, P (2002) Personalization versus privacy An empirical trial ru n of the online consumers dilemma. In 2002 Informs Meeting.

Crane and Human Ideals Essay

Stephen Cranes short legend, The Open sauce ride (1894) shows a microcosm of social interdependency, which is set against the back-drop of the inbred world. The horizontal surface, at its most fundawork forcetal root, could be considered a valet vs. character level, or an adventure invention with the sea as a symbol for records crucial neutrality and indifference to gentle deport manpowert and human aspiration.Given this exchange tension in the tosh, it is important to recognize that Crane, rather than pitting an distinguished protagonist against the trial against an indifferent nature, chose to express the heroic capacity of a group of individuals acting in concert for their mutual survival. In this way, the story becomes less about the indifference of nature and to a greater extent about the powerfulness of human participation to function as a buffer against nature and a construct which gives not only a degree of safety, moreover meaning, to human existence.In orde r to establish the conflict between man and nature, as well as to introduce the persistent idea of common accommodate, Crane begins the story with the words None of them knew the color of the sky (Crane, 728) eyepatch the opening words convey a sense of mystery and danger, they in like manner convey at the same time, a firm understanding on the lectors behalf that nature has become alien to the characters in the story and that it is them rather than nay particular individual with whom the story will be concerned.The following description of the men who are banded together in a dinghey after a shipwreck informs the reader that Crane, is in fact, intractable to offer a social microcosm in order to represent, as in full as possible within the limited confines of the short-story form, the urgency and brilliance that the communal identity described in the story extends to completely walks of life and all levels of night club.By the time the entire story has been studied, the a lert reader realizes that not only the makeshift confederacy of the boat itself, which is comprised of the wounded lord of the sunken ship, an oiler, a cook, and a correspondent, but the cast of the story totally represents a typical Western society at all levels men and women, workers and executives, thinkers and doers as well as the lucky and unlucky. Both life and cobblers last figure prominently in the struggle which is described in the story with the ability to distinguish between the two an immediate threat which faces the crew of the dinghey.In order to establish the utter despair of being cut-off from the auspices of human society (symbolized by the sunken ship) and left to the devices of uncontrolled and undisciplined nature (symbolized by the sea and its wildlife), Crane describes the motion of the dinghey, which smoke be thought of as a makeshift society, in words which can only be interpreted as showing a consanguinity from social order to the chaos and indiffe rence of nature A put in this boat was not unlike a seat upon a bucking broncho the craft pranced and reared, and plunged like an animal (Crane, 728).Additionally, Crane offers a description of the mens view of the sea from a moderate one of the great waves, and before the corresponding plunge The crest of each of these waves was a hill, from the top of which the men surveyed, for a moment, a broad tumultuous expanse shining and wind-riven. It was probably splendid. It was probably glorious, this play of the free sea, wild with lights of emerald and snow-clad and chromatic (Crane, 729). The word probably in this description is the key to injecting the sinister and at the same time indifferent pose of nature to the men trapped in the dinghey.In order to drive his point regarding the indifference of nature even more fully home, Crane creates an image which is at once ironic and prominent an image which fills the reader with dread and a sense of the absurd all at once. By descr ibing the gulls who flew nearby the drifting craft and showing their knack in the very fixings which threatened to destroy the men alongside the dinghey, Crane creates a genuinely masterful symbol to demonstrate natures indifference to humanity when he describes that a gull came, and plainly decided to alight on the top of the captains chieftain (Crane, 729).This image is ironic and compelling and is Cranes most clear articulation of his theme that is given in the story. Against the backdrop of indifferent nature, none of the men aboard the dinghey as individuals is able to perform a give up plan or find some heroic solution to their problem. Rather, by increments and by working together, the men eventually begin to regain a sense of determination, which ultimately rises to the level of hope and then action.The mutual support of the men is the heroic aspect of the story They were a captain, an oiler, a cook, and a correspondent, and they were friends, friends in a more curiou sly iron-bound degree than may be common (Crane, 729). This quite optimistic notion is meant to establish human society as a whole (as expressed through the microcosm of the open boat) as both a necessity and a natural development of human capacity. In other words, the men are out of their element (unlike the gulls) when pitted against the open sea, but in their element which is human society they can meet the test which confronts them.Humanity is meant to build mutually sustaining communities and societies skillful as gulls are meant to float on open ocean waves. In the long run, the tension between nature and man which is created at the showtime of the story finds fulfilling closure in the storys post-climax where Crane writes the white waves paced to and fro in the moonlight, and the wind brought the sound of the great seas spokesperson to the men on shore, and they felt that they could then be interpreters (Crane, 740).The closure of the story suggests not a tension or co nflict between man and nature but a resolution through nature human nature to the discord offered in the storys rising action. In other words, man by following his nature to be a social animal, and only by following this impulse, can be as harmoniously at home in the world, despite the indifference of nature, as a seagull which also accepts its rightful place in the natural order. Works Cited Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library (1999) accessed 2-1-09 http//www2. lib. virginia. edu/etext/index. html

Bug Inc Paper

gifted Property properly safeguards those who apply for elucidate registration. It is especially important in the industrial field, such as that where circumvent Inc operates, because it protects the research and development investments of the alliance. There are m whatsoever legal protections that glitch Inc butt joint apply for to accomplish this. The protections on Intellectual Property after part fall under the ambit of Copyright, Trademark and Patents. Trademark is a truly visible and widely issue because of the f fare that it is seen in everyday things.Given the globalization of the world economy, it is now currently the most violated aspect of Intellectual Property Law at present. under(a) this legal protection, the owner of the hallmark has a right to prevent any person from committing trademark onslaught or any act that is not in good combine with guess to the use of the company logo. Trademark covers a very wide scope since it can be used for nearly any inc eption or icon that is protected by the trademark license. It covers all signs and insignias that are directly connected to or related to the company that registered the trademark.As such, any company or firm cannot use such trademark without prior accord of the company which owns the trademark. In relation to the logo of BUG Inc, the throne may file for trademark protection. Under this legal protection, the owner of the trademark has a right to prevent any person from committing trademark infringement or any act that is not in good faith with regard to the use of the company logo. Another legal protection that Bug Inc can apply for is a patent which is designed to protect the electronic enter devices that the company makes. The first subject matter to be discussed is that of Patent.There are basically three (3) types of patents that an individual can apply for. The first type is called the avail Patent. This type of patent is given to any person who is qualified to make or discover any novel and useful process, machine, and fabricate condition or matter composition. It also includes any new and useful melioration of such. The second type of patent is the design patent. This patent is given to anyone who is able to create an original and novel ornamental design for any manufactured article. The third type of patent is the plant patent, which is given to anyone who invents or discovers any distinct new variety of plant.In this case, as long as the intent involves a new inventive step that has an industrial application it may be registered and issued a patent that gives the owner the exclusive right to engage the object. 2. ) Given the facts of the case, it must be stated that there is a clear conflict under international laws in case Steve is found guilty. Under the principle of international laws, the imposition of criminal charges is not territorial merely if such is a crime against humanity or has been recognized by international tribunals as among the list of crimes that are crimes regardless of location.For the case at hand, if Canada or Steves mother country does not recognize his act as a crime the United States will have a hard time prosecuting and charging him because he is of a different citizenship. The civil liabilities bear on in industrial or corporate espionage depend on the laws of the accompaniment state. One law, however, that is applicable in all states would be the civil financial obligation that is derived from the United States Constitution.It has been recognized by a number of Supreme coquette decisions that the right to privacy can be invoked by a corporation to a certain extent. This means that the act of Steve in transmitting the communications between the officers and employees is a entrancement of this right and he is thus civilly conjectural for damages. Steve may also be found in violation of the pertinent copyright and patent laws depending on the content of the information sent. If the residuum contained afflictive insider information with regard to any invention, then Steve would be in violation of the patent law.If on the other hand, there was no sensitive information, the act of hacking into the computer system is also an act that is criminally punishable. In addition to the criminal obligation, there is a corresponding civil liability for damages as well. WIRETAP can only be held liable if it is sufficiently shown that it had a hand in the actions of Steve a corporation having a juridical personality distinct from that of its employees, it can be held liable along with Steve if it is shown that it was involved in the aforementioned acts.

Alcoholism: a Menace to the Society Essay

Filipinos love to booze inebriantic beverages, that is. Drinking sessions ar seen almost allwhere everyday on the streets and sidewalks, inside homes, in carinderia and corner sari-sari store, and even the upmarket bars and bistros. So phenomenal has been the tumahan tradition that it became the undisputed national pastime and social finish of Filipinos. While local folks love for beverage session baron have built many a friendship and warm the cockles of near(a) ole acquaintances, it is, at the same, taking toll on the drinkers health. inebriantism, also c entirelyed alcohol addiction or alcohol addiction, is a destructive configuration of alcohol employ that let ins permissiveness to or withdrawal from the substance, using more alcohol or using it for longer than planned, and trouble reducing its wasting illness. Other potential symptoms take on spending an inordinate metre of time getting, using, or recovering from the use of alcohol, compromised functioning, an d/or continuing to use alcohol despite an awareness of the noxious nitty-grittys it is having on unitarys life. inebriantism is appropriately considered a disease rather than a weakness of character or elect pattern of bad behavior. Many psyches have become addicted to alcohol. It doubtless has something to do with the euphoric quality of alcohol and the resultant high. According to Vern Mason, it is astonish how many kinds of alcohol advise come out of the same bottle. It all depends whos swallow it. There are basically two types of drinkers who may become alcoholic. Some become chronic alcoholics from the outset almost, steadily drinking larger amounts everyday.Others may drink socially or the binge drinkers on weekends. They sort of steadily increase their drinking. The end result is the same, alcoholism. The damaging effect of alcohol stands among the leading public health occupations in the world. It deserves personal mention and national action if we are to remain so ber and responsible pile. Alcohol abuse is a disease that is characterized by the sufferer having a pattern of drinking excessively despite the negative effects of alcohol on the individuals work, medical, legal, educational, and/or social life.Alcohol abuse affects rough 10% of women and 20% of men in the United States, most runner by their mid teens. Signs of alcohol intoxication include the smell of alcohol on the breath or skin, glazed or bloodshot eyes, the person being unusually passive or argumentative, and/or a disablement in the persons appearance or hygiene. Almost 2,000 people under 21 twelvemonths of age die each year in car crashes in which underage drinking is have-to doe with. Alcohol is involved in nearly half of all violent deaths involving teens.Alcoholism is a destructive pattern of alcohol use that includes a subprogram of symptoms, including tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, using more alcohol and/or for a longer time than planned, and trouble reducing its use. Alcohol, especially when consumed in excess, can affect teens, women, men, and the elderly quite differently. Risk factors for developing a drinking problem include low self-esteem, depression, anxiety or an new(prenominal)(prenominal) sense of humor problem, as well as having elevates with alcoholism.Alcohol dependence has no one single cause and is not directly passed from one generation to another genetically. Rather, it is the result of a complex group of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. There is no one test that definitively indicates that someone has an alcohol-use disorder. Therefore, health-care practitioners diagnose these disorders by gathering wide medical, family, and mental-health information. Alcohol use increases medical guesss.Alcohol seriously interacts with a number of drugs as well as several other medications by any increasing their potency or decreasing their effectiveness. Alcohol also prolongs the space of recovery af ter anesthesia. (Modern Medicine, pp. 160-165) Some signs of a drinking problem include drinking alone, to escape problems, or for the sole purpose of getting inebriate hiding alcohol in odd places getting irritated when you are unable to obtain alcohol to drink and having problems because of your drinking.According to the research of Aileen Ludington and Hans Diehl, alcohol greatly affects the human body Your brain. Alcohol, even in small amounts, causes irreparable damage to brain cells some die and others are altered. Your heart. Alcohol increases the risk of hypertension, stroke, and damage to the heart muscle. Your lungs. Alcohol depresses respiratory functions. Your reproductive system. In men, alcohol can damage cells in the testes, causing impotence, sterility, and possibly enlarged breasts. In women, alcohol can cause irregular menstrual cycles and malfunctioning of the ovaries.Alcohol has also been linked to birth defects in infants and to fetal alcohol syndrome. Your live r-colored. Because your liver must filter alcohol from the blood, alcohol affects it more than any other organ of your body. Excess calories in alcohol are stored as voluptuous in the liver. Functioning liver cells die from alcoholic poisoning. Scar interweave replaces dead cells, causing cirrhosis. Your immune system. Alcohol weakens the bodys defense force against infection and breast cancer. Therefore, I conclude that alcoholism is a disease found in every social and economic class, in every coun exertion in the world.The problem is stinging an alcoholic cannot control the amount he or she drinks occasional drinkers may dive into the alcohol problem with little control on those little drinking bout. In erudition that alcoholism is an illness, a electric shaver is provided with a cognitive means by which to understand a confusing, often traumatizing, emotional experience. This could range from a saucer-eyed conceptualization to a more empathetic understanding of his or her p arent. Relabeling the parents behavior helps the child feel less out of control. study that it is an illness not caused by the child also to helps to improve the childs reality-testing and reduces anxiety, anger, and guilt. (National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Underage Drinking. Alcohol gay 67 Jan. 2006. ) Trusted adults, clergymen or guidance counselors are worthy ones to be sought for advice. The important thing is to reach out. And if youre ashamed of your family, try not to be. Many people understand that alcoholism is a disease, you neednt let shame burden you. Diverting your attention, being preoccupied with worthwhile activities can do a lot to your nerves.

Human Relations: A Personal Experience

Human Relations A Personal Experience Allison R. West admittance to Graduate Studies in Human Relations 12/4/13 While reading Modern Human Relations at deform I undercoat information that I pretty much judge to find in a bulk on this subject. I found some specific studies that I had non read ab turn up in advance and ideals that I found to be true in theory, but non so much in practice. The standard questions of whether a prosperous marchplaceer is a productive worker and do open door policies work were addressed. Ten days ago I would devote read this schoolbook book in a much different manner, with a alto get toher different erspective than I do today.I whitethorn pick out ensureed the ideals of organizational human race relations with some sort of hope that people can actu wholly(a)y work in environments where in that location are superiors and subordinates can maintain a sense of respect and humanity towards angiotensin converting enzyme another, but that ha s not invariably been my experience. The old expression its lonely at the top can be interpreted in several ways at that place are not umpteen top dogs out there, or that the higher you go the scant(p) time you have to mingle with the lowly, or the less you re every(prenominal)y sustenancefulness to, or the misguided belief that you should have a self-imposed detachment .Whatever the meaning or reason one thing is true to my soul organizations are truly not classless societies and while they, in theory, should interpret human relations improve than anyone, they practice very little of what they testify to preach. I do not mean to give the impression that I do not understand the need for hierarchies and the important role they merriment in efficient organizations, it is not the paradigm, but the players, with which I take issue.In this writing I would like to address the two areas that were of greatest inte remnant to me as they apply to my experiences working within la rge organizations. The first area referred to the basic principle of human relations and included a study conducted by the Hawthorne jell of Western Electric in Illinois that I found interesting. The second discussed the oversight of conflict amidst individuals and organizations and included exercises that companies can use to build stronger relationships between botn I wou d like to snare my thoughts on these areas trom both theory-based and practical stand points.The book defined human relations as follows The process by which management brings workers into contact with the organization in much(prenominal) a way that the objectives of oth groups are achieved is human relations (pg. 5) and takes the point of view of the manager. While the company and the worker share a common point of being successful and making money, the worker also has goals that the company may or may not be aware of or refer with. Successful human relations addresses both the company and the worker and finds a satisfactory solution to all demand.This, in my opinion, is where most companies dont seem to be able to get it right. It is not enough for an organization to say that they care approximately their workers, what their needs are, what their opinions are and how they can best use their talents to nhance the organization, there has to be follow finished and this is what usually does not happen. You completely have to look at a companys turnover of employees to get a swell idea of their attitude towards human relations. I spent 10 years working for an organization that truly did not care at all near their workers, though they professed to.It is my experience with this particular organization, which I will peal delegacy X that I will be referring to in this paper. chest of drawers X has a high turnover for several reasons, one of which is the number of stress that comes with the Job and the econd is the response, or lack thereof, on the part of the chest to try and un derstand, alleviate, or even acknowledge the fact that the needs of the workers are not being met. So while I read through the book, I suppose I was much Jaded and had a more pessimistic attitude than I should have, but I truly count that few companies actually care about human relations in practice.I found the Hawthorne studies interesting in that it showed that a worker who feels that they are wanted and has some aim of relationship with those they work with is productive and that the quality of the oversight they receive effects the uality and quantity of their work (pg. 9). When I worked for part X I was a case manager for 4 years and had a supervisory program who truly cared and was concerned for the well-being of her workers and the impact the Job was having on us. This supervisor did a good Job of shielding us from the bureaucratic issues that came from above.She believed that the quality of services to clients and the needs of the workers were both equally as important . by and by 4 years she changed Jobs and I was promoted to her position, it was at this same time that our curve was obtained by another big agency and suddenly things changed. While I continued to supervise in the way I had been taught, ensuring that what needed to be done was done, that clients were receiving the best possible services and that workers were not importunate out and were taking care of themselves I began to see the differences in field work and middle management.I was accused of babying my workers whenever I tried to make things a little easier for them. It is important to note that we worked with abused pip-squeakren and families in volatile homes that required a tremendous amount of travel and field time (we were not child welfare). Let me give an example of a worker who was close to burning out. We had both been at a home in the country where the situation became fragile and volatile and we decided that it was best to leave.After we had driven away (we took disperse cars) my worker pulled over to the side of the road and just sat there. I pulled in behind ner and Just watched tor a tew seconds wondering if she was going to get out of the car, but she did not. I walked up to her window to find her in tears. I allowed her to vent her feelings and frustrations and finally I suggested to her that she go home for the rest of the day (it was early Friday afternoon) and spend time with her daughters and not think about work until Monday morning.I told my worker that we would meet in my office on the Monday and lecture about what we needed to do make sure her needs and the needs of the client were being met. While this was an appropriate solution to me, I was thus counseled as I told my worker to go home when she had not make full out a request for leave form. That was my first indication that Agency X did not care at all about my worker, all they cared about was a piece of paper that they would not have reliable until timesheets were tur ned in the following week anyway.So I took that hit, signed y piece of paper that said I was a bad supervisor that day and never said a word to my worker about it. Human relations works at a worker level and even at a middle management level if you have a supervisor who gives a damn about you, but it is only a slogan on a poster for those in pep pill management. The human resources model outlined on page 11 of our book gives 4 systems that an agency can fall into when dealing with human relations. I feel that an agency can fall into several systems at one time.I think those in middle management still see their workers as valuable assets that should not be easily discarded. Middle anagement have better relationships with their workers and probably fall between system 3 (consultive democratic) and system 4 (participative democratic) depending on how long the subordinate and superior have been working together. swiftness management would have you believe that their agency is particip ative democratic, but they are, in reality, kind-hearted autocratic (system 2) where condescension and punishment are the main staples of management.It was forced upon me many times that I should separate myself from my workers and make sure they understood we were not the same. While I understand that it is not always bright for supervisors o be friends with workers, we do not need to sit in ivory towers looking down on them either. There is a happy medium that speed management ignore. As I progressed in Agency X, I was promoted again to Regional Director and was responsible for services all 16 counties in Southwest Oklahoma. This was my first and only experience with upper management and I have no desire to go there again.